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Anatomy, physiology and disease
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Certain transforming growth factors seem to play a role in the stimulation of bone formation. Although the direct effect of growth hormone (GH) on bone formation is limited [109], GH secretion is critical to both longitudinal growth and acquisition of peak bone mass during adolescence. Studies showed that GH is important for maintenance of adult bone mass. A low bone mass and a small bone size may be a result of GH deficiency in humans [110]. Age-related bone loss in relation to decline in GH secretion in the elderly is not, however, clear [111]. Nevertheless, there is a growing increased use of GH therapy in patients with GH deficiency and the treatment has had positive results [112, 113]. GH therapy seems to have a primary effect on compact bone [114, 115]. It increases calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract which is mediated by an increase in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production [109]. However, GH therapy in elderly men and women has not been shown to have significant effects on bone mass other than activation of remodelling sequences [116, 117]. Decreases of GH and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) with ageing may be responsible for the increase of body fat that occurs with ageing [118].
The interplay between DNA methylation and cardiac autonomic system functioning: a systematic review
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Nayara Cristina Dos Santos Oliveira, Fernanda Serpeloni, Simone Gonçalves de Assis
The genome-wide DNAm studies found different CpGs associated with physiological responses: four CpG sites in SLC9B1 (solute carrier family 9, subfamily B, member B1) were reported in fetal intolerance of labor (Knight et al. 2018), and one CpG in GPR133 (adhesion g protein-coupled receptor d1) during welding work (Zhang et al. 2017). In maternal separation stress, the DMR analysis revealed insulin receptor-related gene, Insr (insulin receptor), two molecules downstream of insulin receptor signaling, Map3k5 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5) and Igf1r (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor), and Grik4 (glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 4) (McCoy et al. 2016). 93 CpG sites, including nine sites located within the DLX5 (distal-less homeobox 5), and two sites in IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) were reported in temperament and behavioral response-associated differences (Goodman et al. 2019). PHGDH (Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase) and SLC7A11 (Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11) were reported under mental stress during growth and aging (Syme et al. 2019).
Benzo[a]pyrene osteotoxicity and the regulatory roles of genetic and epigenetic factors: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Jiezhang Mo, Doris Wai-Ting Au, Jiahua Guo, Christoph Winkler, Richard Yuen-Chong Kong, Frauke Seemann
MiR-29 promotes OC commitment by targeting nuclear factor I/A (NFIA), G protein–coupled receptor 85 (GPR85), and the cluster of differentiation 93 (CD93) (Franceschetti et al., 2013). MiR-106b and miR-338 inhibit OC differentiation by targeting RANKL (Wang et al., 2015; Zhang, Geng et al., 2016), while miR-34c promotes OC differentiation by targeting leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4), which can compete for RANKL (Cong et al., 2017). MiR-144 and miR-503 inhibit OC differentiation by targeting RANK (Chen et al., 2014; Wang, He, et al., 2018), whereas miR-145 promotes OC differentiation by targeting OPG (Chen et al., 2018). The upregulation of miR-148a supports OC differentiation by targeting V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (MAFB) to activate NFATc1 expression (Cheng et al., 2013). OC differentiation is promoted by NF-κB activation via the downregulation of miR-145 and miR-99b, which stimulates the upregulation of their targets, SMAD3 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGFLR) (de la Rica et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2018).
Stress, growth, cytokines and histopathological effects of permethrin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
Kenan Erdoğan, Gül Nihal Örün, Nuh Korkmaz, Belda Erkmen, Hüseyin Polat, Arzu Doğru, Mehmet İlker Doğru, İbrahim Örün
Environment and nutrition have an effect on growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression in living organisms [12,13]. In vertebrates, the GH/IGF axis plays an important role in many physiological processes, including somatic growth, reproduction, survival, development, cellular migration, differentiation, and energy metabolism, and particularly in regulatory aspects [14–17]. GH is synthesised in somatotropic cells and expressed in pituitary tissues to control the growth of organisms [18]. IGF-1 is mainly regulated by GH and widely recognized in teleost [19,20]. A number of studies have reported that IGF-1 can affect somatic growth and maturation, regulate ovarian development, and increase the expression of epidermal growth in women [21–27]. The effects of GH on somatic growth have also been studied in a number of fish. Investigation of modulation in IGF and GH expression levels has become of particular interest for toxicology researchers. For example, Nieves-Puigdoller et al. [28] reported disrupting the growth rate in Atlantic salmon exposed to 10 days of exposure to hexazinone and atrazine herbicides which are commonly used along around the rivers in the USA. Similarly, studies conducted with Oreochromis niloticus, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and Clarias gariepinus [29–31], Danio rerio [32], Oncorhynchus tshawytscha [33] report that pesticides cause growth retardation.