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Introduction to basic immunology and vaccine design
Published in Amine Kamen, Laura Cervera, Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines, 2023
Alaka Mullick, Shantoshini Dash
The innate immune system recognizes molecular patterns associated with pathogens. Such pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs include various lipopolysaccharide molecules on bacterial surfaces, yeast cell wall components, and structures such as flagella and microbial nucleic acids. The cells of the innate immune system possess special receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can distinguish these general molecular patterns, thereby detecting the presence of foreign organisms in the environment [1]. One such family of receptors is named toll-like receptors (TLR), referring to “toll,” a drosophila receptor, that was the first member of this family to be identified. As shown in Figure 3.2, TLRs 2, 4, 6, and 10 are present on the cell surface and recognize extracellular pathogens. Others, such as TLR 7, 8, and 9 are present on the surface of endosomes and can recognize nucleic acids from intracellular pathogens [2]. Other families of pattern recognition receptors include C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-like receptors (RLRs) that detect the presence of molecules derived from pathogens in the cytoplasm [1],
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
The innate immune system comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. It is the immune system we are born with. Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection, and include the following functions: Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators called cytokinesIdentification of bacteria, activation of cells, and clearance of antibody complexes or dead cellsUse of specialized white blood cells to identify and remove foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymphActing as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents
Dialectics of Nature: Inspiration for Computing
Published in Nazmul Siddique, Hojjat Adeli, Nature-Inspired Computing, 2017
The biological immune system defends the body from foreign pathogens. The innate immune system is an unchanging mechanism that detects and destroys certain invading organisms, while the adaptive immune system responds to previously unknown foreign cells and builds a response to them that can remain in the body over a long period of time. The remarkable features and information processing of immune systems have led to new computational techniques. On the basis of the principles of biological immune systems, models of artificial immune systems (AIS) were proposed. The first model of an AIS was formalized by Farmer et al. (1986) in the 1980s and stipulated the interaction between antibodies mathematically. The model was further interpreted by Bersini and Varela (1990) with numerous refinements, and the combination of these two approaches forms the cornerstone of AIS. The model was seen as having computationally useful properties, and provided a network-based approach distinct from both neural networks and GAs. Several models of the AIS have been proposed and applied for solution of real-world science and engineering problems (Hofmeyr and Forrest, 2000)
Local and global stability of an HCV viral dynamics model with two routes of infection and adaptive immunity
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Marya Sadki, Sanaa Harroudi, Karam Allali
As an immediate reaction after the infection, the innate immune system of the host body acts against the virus. The innate immune system gives the body a line of defense against the infection by activating the adaptive immunity, which is called to action for the destruction of pathogens. Such a system recognizes the different types of pathogens and immediately calls up the most effective form of adaptive immune response to destroy them. This adaptive immunity arms itself by white blood cells called lymphocytes. The latter are categorized into B cells and T cells, which are responsible for antibody responses (also called humoral immune response), and CTL immune response (also called cellular immune response), respectively. While B cells are activated in antibody immune response by secreting antibodies that neutralize the HCV, T cells are activated in the cellular immune response to kill the infected cells by HCV Rehermann (2000) and Ansari et al. (2017).
The hemostatic effect and wound healing of novel collagen-containing polyester dressing
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
The skin wound on day 3 was in the acute inflamed stage, showing moderate epidermal crusting, inflammation and angiogenesis, lack of granulation layer, and re-epithelialization in the control group (3 M pad) and test group (collagen polyester dressing). Day 3 histopathological findings of the injured skin in the control and test groups (Figure 10) showed moderate epidermal crusting, inflammation and angiogenesis, loss of the granulation layer, and re-epithelialization. The mean severity scores of each item incidence in the test group were 2.7 ± 2.1, 2.7 ± 0.5, 3.0 ± 0.8, 0, and 0, respectively. The average severity scores of the damaged skin of each item in the experimental group were 1.7 ± 1.2, 2.3 ± 0.5, 2.7 ± 0.5, 0, and 0, respectively (Table 1). There was no significant difference between the control and test groups. Inflammation Phase The inflammatory phase mainly involves the activation of the innate immune system so that neutrophils and monocytes rapidly migrate to the injury site. The primary goal of the inflammatory phase is to clear pathogens as well as foreign material from the wound and to contain the damage to a localized area [33].
Review: Schiff base metal complexes as anti-inflammatory agents
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2023
Qurat-Ul-Ain Sandhu, Muhammad Pervaiz, Abdul Majid, Umer Younas, Zohaib Saeed, Adnan Ashraf, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan, Sami Ullah, Faisal Ali, Seemal Jelani
Every fourth human in the world will face an inflammatory disease. The inflammation is natural response of our innate immune system leading to protective process against illness and injuries. Inflammations are basically classified into acute and chronic types. The acute inflammation involves lesser extent of infections whereas the chronic inflammation involves a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and type two diabetes. The current clinical treatment to cure inflammations involves use of steroidal or non-steroidal drugs based on a number of chemical structures. Considering the current status as well as emergence of new inflammatory diseases, Schiff base ligands and related metal complexes are worthwhile to study. The properties of the ligands and their metal complexes applicable to cure inflammations reported during the last two decades are comprehensively described in the following sections.