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Mobilization and Conditioning Regimens in Stem Cell Transplant for Autoimmune Diseases
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Most transplants for JIA have been performed in Europe. The conditioning regimens have generally been either ATG/Cyclophosphamide/Total Body Irradiation53 or ATG and cyclophosphamide.53,54 Two patients, both of whom received TBI, died of a Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS) (also known as Infection Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome, IAHS), which is a complication unique to HSCT and arises from an immune dysregulation following too aggressive immune suppressive regimens.54 Outcome, in terms of swollen joints and Child Health Assessment Questionnaire, show no advantage to addition of TBI, which has been omitted in presently designed transplants for JIA (refer to Chapter 44 on JIA).54
Protective effect of Paeoniae radix alba root extract on immune alterations in mice with atopic dermatitis
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Gwang-Ho Jo, So-Nam Kim, Mun-Ja Kim, Yong Heo
Atopic dermatitis is the most prevalent inflammatory skin disease characterized by progressive inflammation resulting in pruritic eczematous skin lesions. This disease occurs in childhood and may recur in adulthood (Weidinger and Novak 2016). The prevalence of atopic dermatitis is approximately 10% in developed countries and as high as 20% in developing countries (Deckers et al. 2012). Atopic dermatitis is considered a multifactorial disease, and its development is influenced by genetics, environmental factors, and immune dysregulation (Madureira et al. 2016; Tollefsen and Kacew 2017). With respect to immunologic abnormalities, atopic dermatitis is characterized by skewing toward type 2 helper T cell (TH2) responses, which results in elevated serum IgE levels, increased interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 production, and decreased IL-12 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) synthesis (Anlar et al. 2017; Egawa and Weninger 2015). Although TH2 hyper-reactivity is a major pathophysiological mechanism observed in atopic dermatitis in the acute phase, TH17 and TH22 skewing was also reported (Gittler et al. 2012; Wang and Landen 2015). In addition, type 1 helper T cell (TH1)-mediated responses are predominant in the chronic phase of atopic dermatitis (Egawa and Weninger 2015; Wang and Landen 2015).
A comparative study of lipid-based drug delivery systems with different microstructure for combined dermal administration of antioxidant vitamins
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Mercedes Vitek, Mirjam Gosenca Matjaž, Robert Roškar, Mirjana Gašperlin, Alenka Zvonar Pobirk
People of all ages are interested in maintaining a healthy appearance, and so various approaches to preventing skin damage due to environmental pollutants have emerged in recent years.[1–4] The human body, especially skin, is continuously subjected to oxidative stress induced by a broad spectrum of many exogenous factors (e.g. xenobiotics, solar radiation, smoke, and air pollutants).[5,6] Constant exposure to these agents causes skin barrier dysfunction, resulting in accelerated aging, chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and hypersensitivity of the skin, and also some severe skin diseases such as skin cancer, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis.[7–9]
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Atopic dermatitis is a common allergic disorder associated with a lifetime prevalence of 15–30% (Pawankar et al. 2013). The primary clinical presentation implicated in this condition is the eruption of localized pruritic inflammatory reactions immediately following skin contact with antigen (Gaudinski and Milner 2017). The pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for atopic dermatitis are exceptionally complex; however, it is now well-accepted that both skin barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation are two of the major contributing factors responsible for sustaining chronic skin inflammation in this condition (Kapur, Watson, and Carr 2018). Structural deficits in the epithelial barrier mediate polarization of local immune responses toward a Th2-dominant state and facilitate penetration of larger, high molecular weight (HMW) protein antigens through the skin. These effects ultimately promote dermal sensitization, but this process generally results in the production of antigen-specific IgE molecules, as opposed to antigen-specific T-cells like in ACD (Mocanu et al. 2021). Unlike other forms of contact allergy, atopic dermatitis as a condition is correlated with atopy – the genetic predisposition to generate IgE antibodies following exposure to common environmental proteins (e.g., pollens, dust mites, and food antigens) (Thomsen 2015). For many individuals, atopic dermatitis often constitutes one of the first indications of an atopic disposition since it tends to emerge early in life. Approximately 45% of cases are diagnosed in infants under 6 months of age and 85% of cases emerge by the age of 5 (Mocanu et al. 2021). Most subjects diagnosed with atopic dermatitis eventually develop additional allergic comorbidities associated with the atopic march such as asthma, rhinitis, and food allergy.