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Toxicological Chemistry
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Among the more immediate and readily observed manifestations of poisoning are alterations in the vital signs of temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Poisoning by some substances may cause an abnormal skin color (jaundiced, yellow skin from CCl4 poisoning) or excessively moist or dry skin. Toxic levels of some materials or their metabolites cause the body to have unnatural odors, such as the bitter almond odor of HCN in tissues of victims of cyanide poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning manifested in the eye include miosis (excessive or prolonged contraction of the eye pupil), mydriasis (excessive pupil dilation), conjunctivitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane that covers the front part of the eyeball and the inner lining of the eyelids), and nystagmus (involuntary movement of the eyeballs). Some poisons cause a moist condition of the mouth, whereas others cause a dry mouth. Gastrointestinal tract effects including pain, vomiting, or paralytic ileus (stoppage of the normal peristalsis movement of the intestines) occur as a result of poisoning by a number of toxic substances.
Toxicological Chemistry
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
Among the more immediate and readily observed manifestations of poisoning are alterations in the vital signs of temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Poisoning by some substances may cause an abnormal skin color (jaundiced, yellow skin from CCl4 poisoning) or excessively moist or dry skin. Toxic levels of some materials or their metabolites cause the body to have unnatural odors, such as the bitter almond odor of HCN in tissues of victims of cyanide poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning manifested in the eye include miosis (excessive or prolonged contraction of the eye pupil), mydriasis (excessive pupil dilation), conjunctivitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane that covers the front part of the eyeball and the inner lining of the eyelids), and nystagmus (involuntary movement of the eyeballs). Some poisons cause a moist condition of the mouth, whereas others cause a dry mouth. Gastrointestinal tract effects including pain, vomiting, or paralytic ileus (stoppage of the normal peristalsis movement of the intestines) occur as a result of poisoning by a number of toxic substances.
Reduction and Fixation of Sacroiliac joint Dislocation by the Combined Use of S1 Pedicle Screws and an Iliac Rod
Published in Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White, Advances in Spinal Fusion, 2003
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White
Patients may develop ileus following large, full-thickness iliac crest grafts. If the bone graft is used for anterior transabdominal surgery, there will be an additional direct insult on the gastrointestinal tract, which will further exacerbate and prolong the ileus. LATE COMPLICATIONS A. Gait Abnormality
Does biological sex impact intestinal epithelial injury, small intestine permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms and systemic cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress?
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Rhiannon M. J. Snipe, Ricardo J. S. Costa
Elevations in rectal temperature during exertional-heat stress can increase intestinal permeability, exacerbate injury to the intestinal epithelium, and increase systemic cytokine responses (Pires et al., 2016; Snipe, Khoo, Kitic, Gibson, & Costa, 2018, in press). It has been proposed that prolonged (≥ 2 h duration) and (or) strenuous exercise resulting in significant gastrointestinal and systemic perturbations may be associated with a range of acute health conditions including, and not limited to, septic shock, ischaemic colitis, and paralytic ileus that may contribute to the development and (or) progression of chronic inflammatory or functional diseases and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (Caradonna et al., 2000; Cohen, Winstanley, Engledow, Windsor, & Skipworth, 2009; Costa, Snipe, Kitic, & Gibson, 2017b; Rav-Acha, Hadad, Epstein, Heled, & Moran, 2004; Sanchez, Tracy, Berkoff, & Pedrosa, 2006). Such perturbations to gastrointestinal integrity, functional and systemic responses may lead to gastrointestinal symptoms, which are a common medical complaint during endurance running events (Costa, Snipe, Camões-Costa, Scheer, & Murray, 2016). Consistently, ≥60% of athletes report gastrointestinal symptoms during prolonged running, such as ultramarathon events, which has adverse effects on nutrient intake during and after exercise, and can impair exercise performance (Costa et al., 2016; Hoffman & Fogard, 2011). Recent research has clearly demonstrated that heat exposure (i.e., ambient temperature ≥30°C) during 2 h running at 60% maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) exacerbates gastrointestinal symptoms (Snipe et al., 2018, in press). Furthermore, several studies have observed a greater incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in females during endurance walking and running events ranging from 10 km to ultramarathon than males, suggesting sex hormones and (or) physiological differences between sexes may contribute to the increased symptom prevalence observed in females (Costa et al., 2017a; Halvorsen & Ritland, 1992; Keeffe, Lowe, Goss, & Wayne, 1984; Peters et al., 1999; Riddoch & Trinick, 1988; Stuempfle & Hoffman, 2015; ter Steege, Van der Palen, & Kolkman, 2008).