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Immune Responses
Published in Ronald Fayer, Lihua Xiao, Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis, 2007
IL-18 and IL-15 are produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, and also epithelial cells, and activate both NK cells and T cells to produce IFN-?. IL-15 is also important for the homeostasis of NK cells and memory T cells. There was increased IL-18 mRNA expression in the intestines of C. parvum-infected IL-12/IL-23-deficient mice (Ehigiator et al., 2005) and enhanced IL-18 mRNA and protein expression in human enterocyte cell lines infected by the parasite (McDonald et al., 2006). Also, exogenous IL-18 reduced multiplication of the parasite in these cell lines, suggesting a possible autocrine protective effect for this cytokine (McDonald et al., 2006).
The Human Immune System Seen from a Biomedical Engineering Viewpoint
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
IL15 is a protein that contains 114 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 15 kDa. It is produced by activated macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. IL15 shares many biological properties with IL2 as an immune system activator, including the stimulation of NK, B-, and T-cells. IL15 also stimulates CTL and LAK cell activity as well as Ig production; it is also an attractant for T-cells. IL 15 does not have any sequence homology with IL2, although the IL 15 receptor (IL15R) protein shares two chains in common with the IL2R (β and γ), but has a unique α chain.
Circulating myokines IL-6, IL-15 and FGF21 response to training is altered by exercise type but not by menopause in women with obesity
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Alberto Pérez-López, Paola Gonzalo-Encabo, Bárbara Pérez-Köhler, Natalio García-Honduvilla, David Valadés
In lean and obese adults, circulating concentrations of IL-15 and IL-15Rα are reduced in response to regular physical activity (Perez-Lopez et al., 2018b; Perez-Lopez et al., 2019) and after 12 weeks of structured endurance training (Christiansen et al., 2010). Interestingly, in another study, protein expression of IL-15, but no the plasma or mRNA, was upregulated in skeletal muscle (Rinnov et al., 2014). In contrast, resistance training seems to not altered circulating IL-15 concentration in postmenopausal women (Prestes et al., 2009) or even increase its concentrations in pre- and postmenopausal women (Park et al., 2019). Overall, these studies are in accordance with the higher reduction of serum IL-15 after endurance (−50%) compared to concurrent training (−31%) found here. On the other hand, circulating IL-15Rα has been less studied. Although to date no studies have investigated this myokine response to a long-term training programme, regular physical activity seems to reduce circulating IL-15Rα concentrations in adults with obesity (Perez-Lopez et al., 2018b), which support the reduction of serum IL-15Rα found here after 12-week of concurrent (−26%) and endurance training (−28%). Since IL-15Rα respond to acute doses of resistance exercise (Perez-Lopez et al., 2018a), the lack of differences found between types of exercise may be due to a muscle mass preservation mechanism involving IL-15Rα in postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity.
Effect of rest period configurations on systemic inflammatory response in resistance-trained women
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Hui-Ying Luk, Margaret T. Jones, Jakob L. Vingren
Often the purpose of manipulating acute exercise programme variables is to elicit an optimal mechanical and/or metabolic stress such that the anabolic response and subsequent muscle adaptation is maximized. Previous work have shown a potential difference in cytokine concentrations (IL-6 and IL-15) between TS and RR in men (Oliver, Jenke et al., 2016); however, this is the first study to illustrate the cytokine response to TS and RS in women. Our main findings were that RR elicited greater serum IL-15 concentrations and IL6/IL-10 ratio with a lower IL-10 concentration. Based on these findings, we suggest that rest period configuration could alter the immune response in young resistance- trained women. However, the multi- cause of release and multifaceted role of cytokines make it difficult to determine the potential impact on skeletal muscles. The rest period configuration- specific differences observed suggest that trained women likely experience different inflammatory response during intramuscular homoeostatic disruption.
Serum myokine levels after linear and flexible non-linear periodized resistance training in overweight sedentary women
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Nikseresht Mahmoud, Hafezi Ahmadi Mohammadreza, Taheri Kalani Abdolhosein, Nikseresht Mehdi, Shawn M. Arent
Twelve weeks of NLP resulted in a significant increase in IL-15 concentration. In agreement with the findings, significant changes in IL-15, maximal strength and BF% after 24 weeks of combined training have also been found in obese middle-aged men (Brunelli et al., 2015). However, no significant change was detected in IL-15 and muscle strength after 12 weeks of elastic RT in older women (Urzi et al., 2019). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in IL-15 and muscular fitness after 12 weeks of RT in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Silva et al., 2018). A reason for this inconsistency may be caused by differences in their exercise protocols and subjects. These results suggest that low-intensity RT has less potential to increase IL-15 in elderly people and/or patients with COPD. Overall, it can be suggested that a program of sufficient stimulus to improve body composition or muscle strength (or a combination of these) may be needed to increase IL-15. On the other hand, the capacity of IL-15 to stimulate hypertrophy in muscle cells has been shown through the decrease in protein degradation (Quinn, Anderson, Drivdahl, Alvarez, & Argilés, 2002). Also, the role of this myokine in reducing fat mass was confirmed by the same researchers. The ability of skeletal muscle to secrete myokines through contraction has been named as an “exercise factor” (Leal et al., 2018), which has beneficial effects on adipose tissue, including reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance (Leal et al., 2018). NLP may provide an appropriate environment for the secretion of IL-15 and the subsequent effects on metabolic health.