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Molecular Analysis in Mechanobiology
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Antibodies used in research are prepared by repeated immunization of a host animal with the desired antigen. Resting B lymphocytes express cell-surface forms of IgM and IgD that function as receptors. Antigen-binding results in B cell activation and heavy chain class switching allowing the production of other antibody classes and their secretion. IgG is the predominant antibody class released into the bloodstream. Antibodies may be obtained by collecting serum during the peak of the immune response. Because most antigens are macromolecular proteins, the serum will contain a polyclonal mixture of antibodies with specificities for multiple epitopes. Alternatively, spleen cells may be harvested from the immunized animal, mixed with a myeloma cell line under conditions that induce cell fusion, and cultured in selective conditions that only allow the survival of fused B lymphocyte/myeloma cells (hybridomas). These hybridoma cells are then plated at high dilutions that allow the isolation of single cells in individual wells or with cloning rings. Multiple clones are expanded and tested to identify a clonal population with high antibody production and antigen-binding affinity. Such cells originating from a single clone are genetically identical and produce monoclonal antibodies that recognize only one specific epitope. Hybridomas can be cultured in vitro and antibody harvested from the medium or injected into the peritoneum of another animal and the antibody-enriched ascites fluid subsequently collected.
Treatment Options for Chemical Sensitivity
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Besides avoidance of pollutants and injection therapy, which may or may not be immune mediated, replacement of IgG 1, 2, 3, 4 deficiency may be very efficacious. In some cases of deficiency, it is very efficacious and in others, the replacement rarely boosts the chemically sensitive patient. Patients with isolated IgG 1, 2, 3, 4 deficiency usually do well with intravenous or replacement with intramuscular or subcutaneous injections in each hip 1 time per week for 4 weeks gamma globulin weekly. An occasional patient has to go 8 weeks and rare ones for 3–12 months. Patients get better and maintain their normal work if the triggering agents such as mycotoxin, natural gas, pesticides, EMF, and so on, can be eliminated. As one can see, the deficiencies can cause more than recurrent infections and replacement can clear recent infections (Table 6.38 and Figure 6.59a–d).
Modeling the Epidemic Spread and Outbreak of Ebola Virus
Published in Ranjit Kumar Upadhyay, Satteluri R. K. Iyengar, Spatial Dynamics and Pattern Formation in Biological Populations, 2021
Ranjit Kumar Upadhyay, Satteluri R. K. Iyengar
The common symptoms of EVD are fever, myalgia, malaise, sore throat, chest pain, red eyes, hiccups, rash, weakness, severe headache, joint and muscle pain, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, dehydration, dry and hacking cough, and loss of appetite. These symptoms typically start from 2 days to 3 weeks after acquiring the EVD. As the infection spreads, the body undergoes severe blood loss and coagulation abnormalities. Ultimately, the liver, kidney, and microvascular endothelial cells (capillary walls) get infected, leading to the compromise of vascular integrity. If not diagnosed and treated, death usually occurs during the second week of symptoms and is usually due to massive blood loss [59]. Diagnosis of EVD is difficult during the first few days of the incubation period as the early symptoms are often seen in a number of other diseases such as malaria or typhoid. If an individual comes in contact with an infected person, he or she must be tested to confirm infection or not infected, using laboratory tests including antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing, IgM ELISA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and virus isolation. For infected individuals who are thought to be possible infection carriers, testing of IgM and IgG antibodies is done [25]. Good supportive clinical care and the infected individual’s immune response are the primary factors for Ebola recovery. Individuals who recover from EVD develop antibodies that last for at least 10 years [25], and they may still experience weakness, fatigue, headaches, hair loss, hepatitis, sensory changes, and inflammation of organs [46,59].
Antibody separation using lectin modified poly(HEMA-EDMA) hydrogel membranes
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Esra Feyzioğlu Demir, Cansu Ilke Kuru, Murat Uygun, Deniz Aktaş Uygun, Sinan Akgöl
IgG is a very important molecule, which uses for therapeutic purposes and it takes a part of the huge portion of the human serum. IgG have been applied for the treatment of various disorder such as immunodeficiencies, idiopathic purpura, autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders and cancers. IgG have been also preferred as an immunological assay tool such as ELISA, radioimmunoassay, immunosensor and antibody microarrays. All these assays high IgG purity for correct results. Thus, IgG generally separated by using affinity ligands like Protein A and G. However, these ligands are too expensive to practical usage, and their stabilities are very poor. As an alternative, some other ligand systems have been developed and used for the purification studies of IgG. In this study, synthesized p(HEMA-EDMA)-IMEO-Con A HMs had good capability to separate IgG from its aqueous solutions, and were prepared easily from un-expensive precursors by simple methods.