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Membrane Systems
Published in Agis F. Kydonieus, Controlled Release Technologies: Methods, Theory, and Applications, 2019
The utility of androgen delivery systems for contraception in humans is doubtful for reasons given in the next section, but therapeutic applications have reached the clinical stage. Frick et al.,98 prepared PDMS capsules delivering testosterone at 55 µ g/day for subcutaneous implantation (in the chest) to treat castrated men and victims of hypogonadism. Dosage was individually determined, with three to five cylindrical capsules (2 cm by 2.4 mm diameter) generally proving adequate to restore libido, potency, beard growth, etc. The same workers report using similar capsules to release ethinyl estradiol at 45 µg/day for treating patients with cancer of the prostate. Altogether, more than 200 patients have been treated in these studies without complications.
Self-reported reproductive health of athletic and recreationally active males in Ireland: potential health effects interfering with performance
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Danielle M. Logue, Sharon M. Madigan, Anna Melin, Sarah-Jane McDonnell, Eamonn Delahunt, Mirjam Heinen, Clare A. Corish
Testosterone is believed to play a role in erectile function and sexual libido (Bolona et al., 2007), and research in exercising men has demonstrated that males exposed to chronic endurance training may exhibit alterations in their reproductive hormonal profile, for example, low resting basal testosterone and low luteinising hormone levels (Hackney, 2008; Hackney & Aggon, 2018). Males displaying such endocrine alterations are thought to exhibit the Exercise Hypogonodal Male Condition (ExHMC) (Hackney, 2008). In male athletes, ExHMC has been described as the equivalent of FHA in the Female Athlete Triad (Tenforde, Barrack, Nattiv, & Fredericson, 2016). Endurance training intensity and duration are associated with loss of libido (Hackney, Lane, Register-Mihalik, & O'Leary, 2017); a 30% reduction in resting basal testosterone was reported in athletes with 5 or more years of endurance training compared to those who had trained for fewer years (Hackney & Aggon, 2018). ExHMC has been reported in athletes who experience low serum testosterone and associated symptoms of hypogonadism, such as fatigue, sexual dysfunction including reduced libido, and/or low bone mineral density (BMD) with increased risk of stress fracture (Hackney et al., 2017; Hooper et al., 2017; Hooper, Tenforde, & Hackney, 2018), thus, ExHMC can be included within the syndrome of RED-S (M. L. Mountjoy, Burke, Stellingwerff, & Sundgot-Borgen, 2018). However, further research is necessary to determine the physiological mechanisms inducing this condition (Elliott-Sale, Tenforde, Parziale, Holtzman, & Ackerman, 2018).