China 
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The convoluted history of sex determination in sport
Published in Cheryl Mallen, Emerging Technologies in Sport, 2019
Ian Ritchie, Lindsay Parks Pieper
But Semenya’s case also led to a new revised “hyperandrogenism” policy, which still exists as of this writing. Specifically, hyperandrogenism refers to women who have higher than “normal” quantities of naturally produced testosterone. In 2011 and 2012, the IAAF and IOC produced policies that specifically regulated women who had testosterone levels above 10 nanomoles per liter of blood serum.39 Since its inception, the policy has been widely debated, contested and undergone serious challenges, in particular legal ones.
A case-control study of polychlorinated biphenyl association with metabolic and hormonal outcomes in polycystic ovary syndrome
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2022
Edwina Brennan, Nitya Kumar, Daniel S. Drage, Thomas K. Cunningham, Thozhukat Sathyapalan, Jochen F. Mueller, Stephen L. Atkin
Altered reproductive hormones, classically hyperandrogenism, is typical in PCOS. Given PCBs are reported to have altered endocrine activity effects,32 and have been associated with increased risk of PCOS,12,13 PCOS subjects may, therefore, be at greater adverse risk to exogenous exposure to these persistent organic pollutants. In this study, PCOS subjects were carefully matched in age, ethnicity, and BMI to the control subjects to ensure that any changes that may have been seen could be associated with PCOS. In addition, as these environmental pollutants are lipophilic, all the PCOS and controls were not obese that may have been a confounder in previous studies where often PCOS subjects are obese and of greater weight than controls. Notably, as the PCOS subjects were not overweight in this study, they were not insulin resistant as is normally seen in this population.
Hyperandrogenic athletes: performance differences in elite-standard 200m and 800m finals
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Jonathan Ospina Betancurt, Maria S. Zakynthinaki, Maria Jose Martinez-Patiño, Carlos Cordente Martinez
At the 800m final of the 12th International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) World Athletics Championships (Berlin 2009), the South African middle-distance runner Caster Semenya finished first in 1:55.45 min. Although Semenya was more than 2 seconds behind the women world record of 1.53.28, she was ordered due to her physical appearance by the IAAF to undergo a gender test (International Association of Athletics Federations [IAAF], 2006), the outcome of which was never revealed, and her medal was revoked (Camporesi & Maugeri, 2010). Reports leaked to the media indicated that Semenya had an intersex condition (Sullivan, 2011) and, in addition, that her androgen levels were above the average range for women (Wells & Darnell, 2014). In June 2010, the IAAF cleared her to compete in international competitions (International Association of Athletics Federations [IAAF], 2010). On May 2011, the “IAAF Regulations Governing Eligibility of Females with Hyperandrogenism to Compete in Women’s Competition” (International Association of Athletics Federations [IAAF], 2011), hereafter “Hyperandrogenism Regulations”, were approved. In April 2011, the medical commission of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) recommended that eligibility to compete in women’s competitions would be justified only if the athlete showed androgen levels below the male range (IOC, 2011). According to the IAAF, hyperandrogenism is a term used to describe the excessive production of androgenic hormones, primarily testosterone, in females.
The possibilities of illness narratives in virtual reality for bodies at the margins
Published in Digital Creativity, 2022
Pathologized embodiments may also look gendered. For decades, proponents of the trans community have had to negotiate a loss of agency when accepting a pathologized diagnosis in order to gain access to healthcare services. For example, in some healthcare jurisdictions, a mental disorder called gender dysphoria must be diagnosed before an individual can receive access to certain healthcare procedures, including gender-affirming surgery and/or insurance reimbursement for said procedures (Grinberg 2018). Receiving a mental health label can mean different things for every individual. Gendered embodiment, however, goes much further. Individuals labelled as intersex or diagnosed with specific endocrine disorders such as hyperandrogenism, face similar pressures (Alur-Gupta et al. 2019; Himelein and Thatcher 2006; Perram 2019). Hyperandrogenism is a condition of ‘excess’ male hormones, such as testosterone, which when identified in the ‘female’ body are associated with masculinizing symptoms including increased muscle mass, excess body and facial hair, male-pattern-baldness, and infertility. Beyond hormonal, there are also many distinct classifications for ‘diseases’ which mark the human sex chromosomes – all of which work to call into question the biological sex of a patient. Klinefelter Syndrome is a disorder that causes an extra X chromosome in males (XXY), Trisomy X causes an additional X chromosome in females (XXX), and XYY Syndrome embodies its namesake. Disorders such as these (which include recorded instances that reach as high as an assortment of five X and Y chromosomes) are not wholly unheard of and many times go undiagnosed due to the absence of ‘symptoms’ (Nussbaum 2007, 76). These are just a selection of pathologized embodiments, and the experience of each individual is, of course, unique. Some individuals with these or other illnesses may identify with feelings of subjugation in medical or social encounters, and others may not. It is significant to recognize bodily diversity in ways that expose pervasive institutional and societal desires that insist upon bodily normativity and which understand the ways in which this disenfranchises certain bodies over others.