China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Basic Chemical Hazards to Human Health and Safety — II
Published in Jack Daugherty, Assessment of Chemical Exposures, 2020
The lymphocytes that produce cellular immunity are called T-cells, which attack only those antigens that have been processed by other cells. Phagocytes engulf antigens and break them down. The cell fragments and proteins from the infection agent are displayed on the surface of the phagocyte, bound by cell surface proteins called human leukocyte antigen proteins, produced by genes called the major histocompatibility complex, which are unique markers that identify self from nonself. T-cells respond to the HLA protein and foreign antigen combination in a molecular lever lock and key fashion. Killer T-cells secrete a cytotoxic substance to destroy antigens. Memory T-cells are dormant until the same antigen reappears, then they attack swiftly. Helper T-cells promote T-cell activation, stimulate phagocytic activity, and enhance the humoral immunity process. Suppressor T-cells produce delayed inhibition of cellular and humoric responses.
Immune System Imaging
Published in Margarida M. Barroso, Xavier Intes, In Vivo, 2020
Michael J. Hickey, M. Ursula Norman
One of the major responses that takes place in the lymph node is development of antibody-mediated humoral immunity via antigen-dependent activation and maturation of B cells. Studies with intravenously delivered antigens have revealed that following uptake of target antigen, B cells migrate preferentially toward the border between T and B cell zones (Okada et al., 2005). In this location, they are able to undergo interactions with CD4+ T cells, forming mobile B cell-T cell conjugates. These cells then migrate back into the follicle and initiate the germinal center reaction, the ultimate outcome of which is plasma cell development and generation of high affinity antibodies (Okada et al., 2005).
Role of Nanostructures in Inhibition and Treatment of Viral Infections
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Pavani Sanapala, Sudhakar Pola
In humoral immunity, the virus or the infected host cell stimulates B lymphocytes to produce antigen-specific antibodies. The three antibody types, IgM, IgG, and IgE, show to wield antiviral property. Neutralization of antibodies is most effective in larger fluids, such as serum, or on damp surfaces of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory system. The general mechanisms of antibodies neutralizing the virus are either by hindering the interaction of the virus and host or by identifying viral antigens on the infected cells that direct antibody-dependent cytotoxic cells or complement intervened lysis.
Co-biodegradation studies of naphthalene and phenanthrene using bacterial consortium
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are aromatic hydrocarbons that constitute two or more fused benzene rings that originate from natural as well as anthropogenic sources. They are of great concern since they are widely distributed environmental contaminants that have detrimental biological effects. PAHs are listed among the MPCB, US EPA and the EU priority pollutants list (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB)). PAHs are usually deposited in surface waters and sediment from the atmosphere, urban run-off, domestic, municipal and industrial effluents, and oil leakage or spillage.[1] They are toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. They are considered as potent immune-suppressants. PAHs interfere with the regular function of cellular membranes as well as with the enzyme systems associated with the membrane. Detrimental effects have been documented on immune system development, humoral immunity and host resistance.[2]