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Measurement of Exposure and Dose
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
Most tests rely on the determination of the chemical or its metabolites in urine, blood, and alveolar air; sputum, saliva, and nasal mucosa are also readily accessible for noninvasive sampling for biochemical indicators of respiratory system exposure. Analytical methods to identify and quantify chemical contaminants in human fat, skin, nails, hair, blood, urine, and breath were evaluated by Sheldon et al. (1986) to determine their accuracy, precision, ease, speed, and cost. Contaminant concentrations in or on hair have frequently been used as a biological sampling site but have proved not to be satisfactory because of variations due to washing. Concentrations in urine, when collected at an appropriate time, are generally better than alveolar air. The metabolism of the chemical in humans must have been sufficiently investigated to provide a basis for deciding the best source of the sample, the specific metabolite for which to sample, and the appropriate time of day or lag following exposure (Bernard and Lauwerys, 1986).
Sources of Endocrine Disrupters
Published in Jason W. Birkett, John N. Lester, Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes, 2002
The majority of pesticides are used in agricultural applications, although they are also used in heavy industry as additives to cooling fluids in metal machining operations.67 As much as one third of pesticide use may be for nonagricultural purposes. Within agricultural practices, plants and crops can either absorb these chemicals directly through their leaves or indirectly from the soil.46 The plants may then be eaten by herbivores, and the pesticides will accumulate to produce relatively high levels in meat and dairy products. Pesticide residues in foodstuffs (i.e., meat, fruit, and vegetables) is an important source of exposure to humans. Organochlorine pesticide residues have been found in human fat and breast milk,94 with their presence thought to be due to factors such as diet, smoking, and place of residence.
Indoor Air Quality
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
Pesticides pose a variety of indoor exposure and health concerns. These include acute symptoms associated with misapplication, their persistence in house dust, bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds in human fat tissue, suspected human carcinogenicity of a number of pesticides, children’s exposures to house dust while at play and from pets’ flea collars, and potential immunological effects.
The effects of heat exposure on tropical farm workers in Malaysia: six-month physiological health monitoring
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Vivien How, Shyamli Singh, Thinh Dang, Lim Fang Lee, How-Ran Guo
Even though agroecological farming has long been regarded as a sustainable, healthy, and lush way of life, and conventional farming as physically demanding, stressful, and dangerous work, this study found that conventional farmers have a significantly higher BMI than agroecological farmers during the six-month monitoring. This finding is consistent with a previous study suggesting that farmers who use pesticides predispose themselves to weight gain by disrupting metabolic homeostasis (Hunsucker 2016). Due to the pesticide’s potential obesogenic properties, it may accumulate in human fat tissue causing endocrine disruption and increasing susceptibility to metabolic disorders (Egusquiza and Blumberg 2020). In this context, conventional farmers are at risk of obesity-induced physiological changes that alter their body mechanics, impair cardiopulmonary function and impair their work productivity (Kudel et al. 2018).
Production and characterization of infant milk formula powders: A review
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
A. K. M. Masum, Jayani Chandrapala, Thom Huppertz, Benu Adhikari, Bogdan Zisu
Although vegetable oils are commonly used in IMF production, they lack certain components found in human milk fat. Hageman et al.[29] have reviewed and compared the role of bovine milk fat and vegetable oils in infant nutrition and suggested using a blend of bovine fat and vegetable oils to provide additional health benefits associated with a variety of nutrients that share similar characteristics to human milk fat. Other authors have developed a triacylglycerol composition-based model to create formulations to mimic human milk fat.[30] This model makes use of specific chemical composition of the fats and oils (fatty acids, poly-unsaturated fatty acids, and triacylglycerol) and determines the degree of similarity and differences to human fat and helps to develop more realist substitute.
Distribution of biomarkers of human exposure to persistent organic pollutants from the group of organohalogen compounds as a result of the impact of the environment
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Katarzyna Góralczyk, Mark Gregory Robson
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were commonly used 20 years ago as dielectricity in transformers and high voltage condensers, and before they were also used as heat exchangers, plasticizers, FRs, and pesticides’ carriers. Their usage was banned at the end of the 20th century. However, due to their lipophilic properties and a long half-life PCBs were and still are detected in human fat tissue. In case of total PCBs, higher concentrations were observed in female fat tissue compared to men from the same population, and they grew with age. Similar relationships were also found for individual PCB containers in both adipose tissue and breast milk (Alawi et al. 2018; Malarvannan et al. 2018). In all tested samples of biological material, the presence of PCBs is found, which makes it possible to generalize the described relationships (see Table 1). Typing the biomarker of exposure to PCBs, one can point to the CB-153 congener, which in human-derived material has always been present and always at the highest concentrations, as confirmed by various authors (Axmon et al. 2006; Hernik et al. 2011).