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Novel RNA Interference (RNAi)-Based Nanomedicines for Treating Viral Infections
Published in Dan Peer, Handbook of Harnessing Biomaterials in Nanomedicine, 2021
Nyree Maes, Skye Zeller, Priti Kumar
Influenza viruses are of the family Orthomixoviridae that have a negative sense segmented RNA genome. Influenza A and B contain eight gene segments that are enclosed in an envelope composed of hemagglutanin (HA) neuraminidase (NA) and matrix 2 (M2) proteins. In addition, the genome encodes three components of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp): polymerase acidic protein (PA), polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1) and PB2, nucleoprotein (NP), and two non-structural proteins: NS1A and NS2. While Influenza B and C have a limited host tropism, Influenza A can infect a variety of mammals and is thus a major public health concern. Categorization of Influenza A is determined by the antigenic HA and NA subtypes that drift in prevalence from year to year escaping existing immune defenses and limiting the effectiveness of prophylactic vaccines. Approaches targeting conserved regions of Influenza A genes, such as those afforded by RNAi, could provide broad protection from potentially pandemic strains.
Detection of Infectious Diseases in Human Bodies by Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Published in Monika Mangla, Subhash K. Shinde, Vaishali Mehta, Nonita Sharma, Sachi Nandan Mohanty, Handbook of Research on Machine Learning, 2022
Snehlata Bonwal, K. Thirunavukkarasu, Shahnawaz Khan, Satheesh Abimannan
In a study, researchers [22] have developed a model for recognizing a virus protein for predicting the host tropism. Classifying medical data is a complex task and there are several research studies and models are available for medical data classification. There are several other research studies that have used RF technique for developing the infectious diseases such as screening between COVID-19 and Pneumonia [33], avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks prediction [32], Epidemic Curve prediction [31], etc.
New strategies for treatment of COVID-19 and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 according to biodiversity and evolution theory
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Forty-two missense mutations were identified in all the major non-structural and structural proteins, except the envelope protein. Twenty-nine missense mutations were in the ORF1ab polyprotein, eight in the spike surface glycoprotein, one in the matrix protein, and four in the nucleocapsid protein. Of note, three mutations (D354, Y364, and F367) located in the spike surface glycoprotein receptor-binding domain [26]. The spike surface glycoprotein plays an essential role in binding to receptors on the host cell and determines host tropism [35]. It is also the major target of neutralizing antibodies [36]. Mutations in the spike surface glycoprotein might induce its conformational changes, which probably led to the changing antigenicity.
COVID-19;-The origin, genetics,and management of the infection of mothers and babies
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Hassan Ih El-Sayyad, Yousef Ka Abdalhafid
The four major structural proteins are the spike surface glycoprotein (S), small envelope protein (E), matrix protein (M), and nucleocapsid protein (N). The spike surface glycoprotein plays an essential role in binding to receptors on the host cell and determines host tropism [91]. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV spike proteins bind to various host receptors via different receptor-binding domains. The SARS-CoV uses ACE2 as one of the primary receptors [1] with CD209L as an alternative receptor [92], whereas MERS-CoV uses dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4, also known as CD26) as the primary receptor. Initial analysis suggested that SARS-CoV-2 has a close relationship with the SARS-like bat CoVs [10].