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Basic Concepts
Published in P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino, Non-Invasive Monitoring of Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2022
P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino
A similar approach has been used to study fracture healing and new bone formation. To treat human open fractures of tibia might be used external fixators, these latter used as invasive electrodes to evaluate the healing biological process [134]. The femur or thigh bone is the largest bone of the human body and its fracture proximal can lead to dislocation of the fracture ends and related hip problems. Surgical treatment of hip fracture includes surgical implants to fix the ends of the femur in their anatomical correct position to enable healing. The hip joint is classified as a ball socket joint; it is formed by the articulation of the femoral head and the acetabulum through a synovial join. Thus, hip implants used in total hip replacements are made up of a socket-like shell that is surgically inserted into the acetabulum of the pelvis, and a ball-like device to replace the femoral head and a prosthesis fixed in the femoral bone with the bone cement. The composition of the surgical implants is widely different, generally made of titanium, cobalt and chromium, or newest composite, or other materials such as ceramics and hydroxyapatites. These materials can eventually increase or decrease the electrical conductance and thus affect impedance measurements. Thus, BIA measurement at single frequency 50 kHz has been used to characterize hip fracture and hip replacement surgery [135].
Anatomy, physiology and disease
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Osteoporosis is sometimes termed the ‘silent epidemic’ because early osteoporosis is asymptomatic, and significant bone loss may become evident only after a hip or vertebral fracture has occurred. Fractures, especially of the spine, hip and wrist, are the clinical manifestation of osteoporosis. Initially, spine fractures tend to be asymptomatic but they are associated with significant morbidity as the severity and number of fractures increase (figure 1.7). The most serious fractures are those of the hip, which contribute substantially to morbidity, mortality and health care cost. Within a year of a hip fracture the mortality rate is as high as 20% with reduced functional capacity in 50% of patients [63].
Lower extremity injuries
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
William C. Whiting, Ronald F. Zernicke
Hip fracture risk increases dramatically with advancing age. Hip fractures in the elderly are associated with falls caused by unsteady gait or tripping. In most cases, the impact force on landing from the fall causes the fracture; rarely does spontaneous hip fracture cause the fall. Fall risk is multidimensional, with common risk factors including chronic illnesses, compromised strength, balance, coordination and reflexes, dizziness, postural hypotension, fainting, history of falls, environmental factors, and neurological, cerebrovascular, cardiovascular and cognitive disorders (Cummings et al., 1985; Marks et al., 2003; Rubenstein and Josephson, 2002).
Predicting population level hip fracture risk: a novel hierarchical model incorporating probabilistic approaches and factor of risk principles
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Daniel R. Martel, Martin Lysy, Andrew C. Laing
Fall-related hip fractures are a serious concern in the older adult population. Worldwide, epidemiological estimates of hip fractures (∼1.7 million in 1990) are projected to rise to 6.3 million by 2050 (Cummings and Melton 2002), and previous studies have found that approximately 90% of hip fractures are the result of a fall (Grisso et al. 1991; Wolinsky et al. 2009). While hip fractures are a global issue, the general gravity of the problem can be summarized through a regional example; in 2010/11, the 25 495 documented hip fractures in older adult Canadians made up over one third of all fall-related hospitalizations in Canada (Canadian Community Health Survey 2012), with an estimated annual cost of 650 million dollars (Wiktorowicz et al. 2001). Perhaps most importantly, long-term outcomes aren’t favourable, with approximately 20% of older adult hip fracture cases leading to death within one year of the injury (Jiang et al. 2004; Ioannidis et al. 2009). Accordingly, prevention efforts are a public health priority.
Longitudinal associations of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time with leg muscle strength, balance and falls in middle-aged women
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Mengmeng Wang, Feitong Wu, Michele L. Callisaya, Graeme Jones, Tania M. Winzenberg
Falls are the major cause of hip fracture and the second leading cause of unintentional injury-related mortality worldwide (World Health Organization, 2021). Around thirty to forty percent of community-dwelling older persons fall each year and women have a higher risk than men (Callisaya et al., 2011). Of note, similarly high incidences of falls have more recently also been reported in middle-aged people (Wang et al., 2020). Muscle strength and balance, major modifiable risk factors of falls in older adults, start to decline in middle-age (EI Haber et al., 2008), suggesting that this is a critical life stage to reduce the risk of falling. However, much less research effort has been made to understand the prevention of falls in this age group.
Force attenuation capacity and thermophysiological wear comfort of vertically lapped nonwoven fabric
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
Wiah Wardiningsih, Olga Troynikov
The consequence of a hip fracture can be severe. Studies from across the world reveal consistent outcomes for individuals suffering hip fractures (Gill, 2010). In the United States, one-year mortality after a hip fracture ranges from 12 to 25% in the general population (Rubenstein, 2000). In nursing homes, where the occurrence of first hip fracture can be as high as 44 per 1000 person years, mortality levels are even higher, at 39% per year (Waldegger, Cranney, Man-Son-Hing, & Coyle, 2003).