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Toxic Responses of the Nervous System
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
An FOB is an assortment of noninvasive tests used to evaluate sensory, motor, and autonomic nervous system functions in animals exposed to potential neurotoxic substances. The tests are usually carried out on groups of five male and five female rats. The study design usually comprises four experimental groups, representing a control and three dosage levels of the test substance. In performing the FOB, the technician first examines the animal for abnormal posture, closure of the eyelids, and presence of tremors or convulsions. Any indications of autonomic nervous system dysfunction, such as lacrimation or salivation, are then recorded. The rat is then placed on a flat surface for three minutes, during which time the number of rears are counted and the animal’s gait, mobility, and level of arousal are rated. Next, the animal’s response to several stimuli are rated (e.g., approach of a pencil, snap of a metal clicker, touch of a pencil on the hind quarters, and pinch of the tail). Additional FOB parameters include pupil response, righting reflex, forelimb and hindlimb grip strength, foot splay, body weight, and rectal temperature. The entire procedure usually takes about 6 to 8 min per animal. Data are subsequently summarized and statistically analyzed.
Applications
Published in Jun Ohta, Smart CMOS Image Sensors and Applications, 2020
5.4.3.1.4 Self-reset imaging The issue of intrinsic optical signal and fluorescence detection in this implantable application is discussed here. The background light in fluorescence and intrinsic signal is quite strong, and its change is very small. For example, the change of fluorescence is typically about 1%. As a result, sometimes the photodiode is saturated due to the fluorescence or intrinsic light. To solve this problem, an implantable image sensor with self-reset mode, the operation principle of which is described in Sec. 3.2.2.2.1 of Chapter 3, has been developed [228, 229]. In Fig. 5.51, it is observed that the response of electrical stimulation through the forelimb and hindlimb can be obtained by measuring the response of the brain blood. According to the stimulation, it is observed that the response originates in the forelimb region in the brain and not in the hindlimb region. By using this self-reset type CMOS image sensor, the stimulation response is clearly obtained.
Case Studies
Published in Nicholas Stergiou, Nonlinear Analysis for Human Movement Variability, 2018
Anastasia Kyvelidou, Leslie M. Decker
Healthy and Parkinson’s mice were filmed in the lateral view using cineradiography at 250 frames per second. Cineradiography is a technique that allows recording the successive positions of every bone segment of animals in motion. Markers (small radio-opaque balls) were placed at the right and left forelimb and hindlimb foot. All mice walked on the treadmill at two different treadmill speeds: 6.9 and 15.1 cm s−1 (Figure 9.18). In total, three healthy mice and five Parkinson’s mice walking at the speed of 6.9 cm s−1, and four healthy mice and three Parkinson’s mice walking at the speed of 15.1 cm s−1 were analyzed. The y-coordinate (vertical displacement) for each marker was analyzed. All time series contained a minimum of 946 data points. Data were analyzed unfiltered so as to get a more accurate representation of the fluctuations within the time series. Furthermore, since the same instrumentation was used for all mice, it is assumed that the level of measurement noise was consistent for all mice. For the mice data set, a 2 × 3 (group by treadmill speed) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on ApEn and largest LyE values for all the marker displacement data (Kaplan and Glass 1995; Wolf et al. 1985).
Control strategy for intraspinal microstimulation based on central pattern generator
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Xiongjie Lou, Yan Wu, Song Lu, Xiaoyan Shen
Figure 2 shows the angular coordinate system of the knee joint of the right hindlimb under ISMS. The connecting line between the calibrated hip and knee joints was considered the horizontal reference line. When the connecting line between the ankle joint and knee joint is perpendicular to the ground, the knee joint angle of the rats is set to 90°. Under the positive and negative pulse stimulation, this angle varied between 40–120°. The stimulation electrode was placed at the specific CPG site, and the reference electrode was located near the muscle. If a positive pulse is transmitted, the gastrocnemius is activated, causing the right hindlimb to move forward while the knee joint angle increases. Conversely, if a negative pulse is transmitted, the quadriceps femoris is activated, causing the right hindlimb to move backward while the knee joint angle decreases. Reducing the intensity of stimulation reduces the torque produced by the muscles. The flexion and extension of the knee joints of rats were performed in the sagittal plane.
Comparative anatomy of quadruped robots and animals: a review
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2022
Akira Fukuhara, Megu Gunji, Yoichi Masuda
In fact, several robotics studies have introduced different configurations for the forelimb and hindlimb (e.g. different lengths for limb segments (Figure 1(G)) [43–46] or different directions in the elbow and knee joints [47]. The evaluation in robotics suggests that the combination of the elbow in backward direction and the knee in forward direction (as shown in Figure 1(F)) is more stable than other limb combinations. In contrast, to avoid limb collision in stairs, the commercial robots practically employ the limb configuration, where both elbow and knee joints bend backward as shown in Figure 1(E) [15]. Although many robotics studies discussed the symmetry and asymmetry in the limb posture, the functionality and design principle for asymmetrical connectivity in the shoulder and hip regions are still unclear. Recent collaborative studies involving researchers in the fields of anatomy and robotics have developed simple quadruped robots with flexible shoulders (Figure 1(H)), suggesting functionalities in different situations, including walking [48], running [49], and landing [50].
Spontaneous gait transition to high-speed galloping by reconciliation between body support and propulsion
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2018
A. Fukuhara, D. Owaki, T. Kano, R. Kobayashi, A. Ishiguro
To investigate the proposed model, 2D simulation experiments were conducted. In the following simulation experiments, the body parameters were set as listed in Table 1. Note that the left and right limb cannot be distinguished in 2D simulation. Therefore, trotting gait, where the diagonal limbs move synchronously, and pacing gait, where the ipsilateral limbs move synchronously, are essentially indistinguishable. In this 2D simulation, gait patterns, which consist of two forelimb–hindlimb pairs, are described as ‘trotting (pacing)’.