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Benchmarking of Medical Imaging Technologies
Published in Rashmi Gupta, Arun Kumar Rana, Sachin Dhawan, Korhan Cengiz, Advanced Sensing in Image Processing and IoT, 2022
Punit Kumar Singh, Sudhakar Singh, Ashish, Hassan Usaman
Tomography manages the photography of a specimen in segments/cut configuration utilizing any sort of wave. CT is a computer-assisted imaging method that produces cross-sectional images. Using programming, parts of a photograph are overlaid on each other to create a sophisticated three-dimensional (3-D) image. CT is outstandingly useful to assess risk, recognizing irregular tumor development, organization, or recurrence. Figure 16.3 shows the CT picture of a surviving malignant breast tumor. The left breast had been carefully emptied, and the scan was conducted to detect any tumor recurrence after a month. CT is also commonly used to diagnose coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis), vein aneurysms, blood clots, aggravations, and growth, and injuries to the brain, skeletal framework, and internal organs. Figure 16.4 depicts the CT output of liver augmentation, hepatomegaly, as an example. Compared with MRI, CT is a better option for abdominal and pelvic examination.
Environmental Protection
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
Patients with chronic arsenic toxicity, documented by 0.1–0.5 mg/kg arsenic concentration detected on hair sample, commonly suffer the followings (Ratnaike 2003): Cardiovascular: hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, gangrene.Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, vomiting, hepatomegaly, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis.Neurological: peripheral neuropathy, anesthesia, confusion, memory loss, cognitive impairment, cerebral infarction.Genitourinary: nephritis, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer.Endocrine: diabetes.Cutaneous: palmar and solar keratosis, skin cancer.
Chronic Arsenic Exposure to Drinking Water
Published in M. Manzurul Hassan, Arsenic in Groundwater, 2018
Franzblau and Lilis (1989) reported increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (SAT) serum activities of individuals acutely exposed to elevated levels of arsenic via drinking water (9,000–11,000 μg/L). Hernández-Zavala et al. (1998) found hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and liver diseases in people living in the Lagunera Region in Mexico. Individuals chronically exposed to arsenic via drinking water showed predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and increased serum alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) activity, suggesting the presence of cholestasis in Santa Ana and Benito Juárez villages where the mean arsenic concentrations were 116 ± 37 μg/L and 239 ± 88 μg/L, respectively (Hernández-Zavala et al., 1998). Considering 200 arsenic-exposed individuals and analyzing arsenic concentrations in drinking water, nails, and hairs, Islam et al. (2011) found respective activities of S-ALP, AST, and ALT to be significantly increased in the high-exposure groups compared to the lowest-exposure groups before and after adjustments were made for different covariates.
Cylindrospermopsin toxicity in mice following a 90-d oral exposure
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
N. Chernoff, D.J. Hill, I. Chorus, D.L. Diggs, H. Huang, D. King, J.R. Lang, T.-T. Le, J.E. Schmid, G.S. Travlos, E.M. Whitley, R.E. Wilson, C.R. Wood
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms that are found on all continents and virtually all ecosystems, but are primarily inhabitants of both freshwater and saltwater. There are many species that produce chemicals that are toxic to mammals (Zurawell et al. 2005). One of the most widespread freshwater toxins is the alkaloid, cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a tricyclic guanidine joined to uracil by a carbon bridge (Ohtani, Moore, and Runnegar 2002), which has been associated with severe toxicity in humans and livestock. The discovery of CYN followed an episode of poisoning that took place in the Palm Island community of Australia during 1979 (Byth 1980). The drinking water in the town was obtained from a reservoir and it was observed that people using well water did not become ill (Hawkins et al. 1985). The reservoir was thought to have had an algal bloom for 2 months since the water had taste and odor issues during that time, and was treated with the algaecide, copper sulfate (CuSO4). One week after the application of the algaecide, individuals began to get sick and 138 eventually required hospital treatment. The initial symptoms included constipation, vomiting, anorexia, headache, hepatomegaly, glucosuria, proteinuria, and ketonuria. In 1 to 3 d following the initial signs, the illness progressed and severe electrolyte imbalance was noted including hypokalemia and resultant acidotic shock and hypovolemia; diarrhea, often containing blood that persisted up to three weeks; accompanied by hyperemia or bleeding mucous membranes. Subsequently, CYN was associated with the death of cattle after ingestion of water with an ongoing cyanobacterial bloom. The animals exhibited symptoms that included hepatomegaly, hepatic degeneration and necrosis, and extensive intestinal hemorrhages (Saker, Thomas, and Norton 1999; Thomas et al. 1998).