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Foodborne Pathogens and Nanoparticles as a Tool for Quality Assurance and Intervention of Foodborne Pathogens
Published in Moayad N. Khalaf, Michael Olegovich Smirnov, Porteen Kannan, A. K. Haghi, Environmental Technology and Engineering Techniques, 2020
Porteen Kannan, S. Wilfred Ruban, M. Nithya Quintoil
Hepatitis E, whose symptoms and methods of transmission resemble hepatitis A, is caused by a virus commonly found in the Indian Ocean region, Africa, and in underdeveloped countries. Hepatitis E is rarely, if ever, responsible for causes of chronic hepatitis. Adequate sanitation and good personal hygiene reduces the risk of hepatitis A and E. Water should be boiled prior to its use if any question of safety exists. Similarly, in areas where sanitation is questionable, food should be cooked well and fruits peeled. Those planning to travel to areas where hepatitis A or E is widespread are advised to take immune globulin before leaving.
Microbial health risks and water quality
Published in Blanca Jiménez, Joan Rose, Urban Water Security: Managing Risks, 2009
Joan B. Rose, Samuel R. Farrah
One of the largest water-borne outbreaks ever documented globally was associated with Hepatitis E virus (HEV). This outbreak occurred in 1955 in New Delhi, India and it was first thought that hepatitis A was the causative agent, but subsequent studies identified hepatitis E as the virus responsible for the outbreak (Viswanathan, 1957). A sandbar had developed in the river used for the city’s drinking-water supply and this diverted raw sewage into the drinking-water supply. Approximately 30,000 cases of hepatitis were reported. Hepatitis E is similar to hepatitis A in that it is transmitted through fecally contaminated food and water from human feces. Thus, both water supplies and irrigation waters are at risk.
Inactivation of faecal pathogens during faecal sludge composting: a systematic review
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2023
Musa Manga, Chimdi C. Muoghalu, Pamela O. Acheng
The most important viruses present in human faeces include adenovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A virus [HAV] and hepatitis E virus [HEV] [56]. Factors which influence their transmission in the environment include their low infective dose and non-latency. Viruses are usually more resistant than bacteria when exposed to heat for a short period of time but are less resistant to prolonged heat exposure [57]. The resistance of viruses to physical and chemical stressors during composting usually depends on their physical characteristics (i.e. presence or absence of envelope) as well as the structure of their genome [55]. Viruses which lack envelope are resistant to thermal and chemical stressors whereas viruses which have envelopes are less resistant to thermal and chemical stressors because of the instability of the lipid bilayer of their envelope [58].
Pathogen contamination of groundwater systems and health risks
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Yiran Dong, Zhou Jiang, Yidan Hu, Yongguang Jiang, Lei Tong, Ying Yu, Jianmei Cheng, Yu He, Jianbo Shi, Yanxin Wang
In addition, pathogens have been extensively detected in aquifers under diverse hydrogeological conditions. A recent study on the most important water supply aquifers across England showed positive detection of enteric viruses in 31% of the samples. The most frequently detected targets were the Hepatitis A virus, norovirus GI and Hepatitis E virus, whose abundance fluctuates along seasons and groundwater recharge (Sorensen et al., 2021). In another survey targeting 20 types of pathogens in the public water supply wells throughout Minnesota, U. S., microbiological contamination was reported in 96% of the wells. Human and zoonotic pathogens were detected in 70% of wells and 21% of samples, respectively. Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, adenovirus, and enterovirus were the most frequently detected ones (Stokdyk et al., 2020). In low- and middle-income countries, the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in aquifers and different parts of water supply systems is also common, especially in the self-supply systems including privately owned boreholes, protected dug wells, and unprotected dug wells (Genter et al., 2021). Although the linkage between waterborne outbreaks and the suspected pathogens is uncertain, frequent detections of candidate pathogenic agents in public and private water supply systems suggests potential risks to public health.
Environmental sampling for disease surveillance: Recent advances and recommendations for best practice
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Joshua L. Santarpia, Elizabeth Klug, Ashley Ravnholdt, Sean M. Kinahan
Wastewater sampling for infectious disease has been important to the efforts to eradicate polio (Hovi et al. 2012) and identifying the reemergence of polio in the U.S. (Russo et al. 2022). It has also been used throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to examine circulation in communities (Wu et al. 2021) and help identify emerging outbreaks (O’Reilly et al. 2020). In addition, wastewater has been used to create seasonal profiles of noroviruses, enteroviruses and, and adenoviruses (Katayama et al. 2007) in Japan. Norovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus, parechovirus, hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis E virus have been profiled in wastewater from Sweden (Hellmér et al. 2014) prior to human outbreaks. A variety of bacteria pathogens, including Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus, can also be identified by qPCR of wastewater samples (Shannon et al. 2007; Ugarte-Ruiz et al. 2015). The effectiveness of this approach has led to national wastewater surveillance system for COVID-19 and its expansion to other disease is under consideration (Based Disease Surveillance for Public Health Action 2023).