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Toxic Responses of the Liver
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
In the human, the liver resides principally on the right side of the abdomen just below the diaphragm. The liver receives blood from two sources, the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The hepatic artery contains highly oxygenated blood from the lungs and foreign chemicals absorbed into the blood through the lungs, skin, and other routes. The portal vein carries less oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the stomach and intestines. Blood exits the liver via the hepatic vein. The portal blood contains nutrients, vitamins, and foreign compounds absorbed through the stomach and intestines. Thus, the liver is the first organ to encounter potentially toxic chemicals ingested orally as well as those entering the blood via other pathways. The liver has well-developed detoxification mechanisms and is very efficient at detoxifying and excreting many chemical agents. However, when a chemical agent is incapable of being detoxified or its levels overwhelm the detoxification capacity of the liver, hepatotoxicity will result.
Gastrointestinal imaging 2: liver, spleen, pancreas, adrenals, biliary tract and aorta
Published in Sarah McWilliams, Practical Radiological Anatomy, 2011
o There are usually three hepatic veins that separate the liver in the vertical plane into segments. There may be accessory hepatic veins. The caudate lobe drains sepa-rately into the inferior vena cava (IVC). The caudate lobe may hypertrophy when there is thrombosis or occlusion of the other hepatic veins, draining segments 2–8 in Budd–Chiari disease, due to its separate venous drainage (Fig. 5.6).
Liver and biliary system, pancreas and spleen
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The hepatic veins drain blood from the liver into the IVC immediately below its junction with the right atrium. There are three hepatic veins (right, middle and left) that drain most segments of the liver. The caudate lobe has its own drainage from several veins that drain separately directly into the IVC.
Influence of caval reconstructions on venous outflow during liver transplantation: a numerical flow simulation study on real patients and virtual cases
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
F. Joly, N. Golse, N. Bousaleh, M. Lewin, E. Vibert, I. Vignon-Clementel
The liver, due to its function of filtering blood, has a double inflow vascularization, both in venous and arterial feeding through the portal vein and hepatic artery, whereas the outflow to the vena cava is through the three hepatic veins. Since anatomical features of the later vary among the population as well as several surgical techniques of reconstruction during LT, numerous situations of vessel attachment are possible. It can be assumed that certain situations are favorable to a less disturbed blood flow with lower pressure drop.
An in silico rat liver atlas
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Harvey Ho, Uta Dahmen, Peter Hunter
In terms of the vascular anatomy, the ramification patterns of the portal and hepatic venous trees are consistent with that described in (Sänger et al. 2015) and (Kogure et al. 1999). Specifically, the root portal vein branches into the right lobe at first, before supplying the caudate lobe, and then irrigating the middle and the left lobes. Each lobe has its own draining veins, in particular the middle lobe is drained by three hepatic veins.