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Transfusion of blood components in a stem cell transplant programme
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
As the patient in the case study was typed as having an AB blood group, it has been demonstrated that the transfusion of ABO blood system compatible platelets has a higher profit in the patient and are therefore of first choice. In the case of major ABO incompatibility, the patient’s anti-A and/or anti-B antibodies have negative effects on the survival of the donor platelets with an impaired haemostasis of ABO compatible platelets compared to incompatible (Blumberg et al., 2012). Major ABO incompatibility in platelet transfusions can also possibly lead to a higher refractoriness. Following minor ABO incompatible platelet transfusions, a positive direct antiglobulin test can be the result of a transfusion of incompatible plasma. This is usually associated with slight haemolysis and rarely severe—even fatal—haemolysis and renal failure. Usually, an anti-A and/or anti-B titre lower than 128 is not a problem and is recommended for patients who receive multiple transfusions (Lozano & Cid, 2003; Valsami et al., 2015). Taking all this into account, the choices shown in Table 1 can be followed.
Synthesis and Engineering of Polymeric Latex Particles for Hemodialysis Part II—An Experimental Study
Published in Wolfgang Sigmund, Hassan El-Shall, Dinesh O. Shah, Brij M. Moudgil, Particulate Systems in Nano- and Biotechnologies, 2008
S. Kim, H. El-Shall, R. Partch, T. Morey, B. Koopman
Hemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells (RBC), which leads to the release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma. Healthy people donated samples of whole blood. The red blood cells were separated by centrifuging the normal whole blood at 1500 rpm for 15 min and washing with isotonic phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.4 to remove debris and serum protein. This process was repeated three times. Prepared latex particles were re-dispersed in PBS by sonification to obtain homogeneously well-dispersed latex particles. 100 mL of the mixture of RBCs (3 parts) and PBS (11 parts) was added to the 1.0 mL of 0.5% (w/w) particle suspension. PBS was used as a negative control (0% hemolysis) and DI water was used as a positive control to produce 100% hemoglobin released from completely destroyed RBCs. The mixture was incubated in a water bath with gentle shaking for 30 min at 37°C and then centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 15 min. 100 mL of the supernatant was mixed with 2 mL of the mixture of ethanol (99%) and hydrochloric acid (37%) (EtOH/HCl = 200/5, w/w) to prevent precipitation of hemoglobin. In order to confirm the free particles, the mixture was centrifuged again at 13,000 rpm at room temperature. The supernatant was then transferred to the UV cuvette. The amount of hemoglobin release was determined by monitoring the UV absorbance at the wavelength of 397 nm.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Arsine is a highly toxic gas. It primarily targets the erythrocyte (red blood cell) and rapidly induces intravascular hemolysis. Secondary effects resulting from hemolysis include hemolytic anemia, hepatic and renal damage. The exact mechanism by which arsenic causes erythrocytes to rupture is unknown, but it is believed to be due to either oxidative damage or a reaction with sulfydryl. As stated, arsine is a potent hemolytic agent and causes acute intravascular hemolysis, rapid red blood cell destruction, and renal failure. Arsine is highly soluble in body fat and hence, can easily cross the alveolo-capillary membrane and into the red blood cell. Arsine causes chemical burns. Exposures to arsine cause headaches, malaise, weakness, dizziness, dyspnea; abdomen and back pain; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bronze skin; hematuria (hemoglobin in urine), jaundice, liver enlargement, fever, anxiety, disorientation, delirium, shivering, muscular cramps, tachypnea, tachycardia, anemia, hyperkalemia, electro-cardiographic changes, burning sensations, peripheral neuropathy (focal anesthesia and paresthesia), agitation, disori-entation, and hallucinations. The exposed individual and/or the occupational worker soon develops a sensation of cold and paresis in the limbs, hemoglobinuria, a garlic-like odor to the breath, multi-organ failure, and massive hemolysis and kidney failure. Toxic pulmonary edema or acute circulatory failure has been reported as the cause of death in some cases of arsine poisoning. Studies have indicated that occupational exposures to arsine cause increased rates of miscarriage among women associated with the semiconductor industry.
Synthesis of PEGylated cationic curdlan derivatives with enhanced biocompatibility
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Muqier Muqier, Hai Xiao, Xiang Yu, Yifeng Li, Mingming Bao, Qingming Bao, Shuqin Han, Huricha Baigude
Next, we examined the cytotoxicity of the PEGylated 6AC-100 on HepG2 and N2a cells line. The various concentrations of the polymers were added to the cell culture medium, and the cell viability was assessed by MTT assay (Figures 3(A) and 4(B)). PEI and 6AC-100 were used as comparison groups. The results showed that PEI had highest toxicity for all cell types, with the cell viabilities of 32%−36% at a concentration of 90 µg/mL, compared to the nontreated (NT) group. The cells treated with 6AC-100 had 50% cell viability at a concentration of 90 µg/mL. However, the PEGylated cationic polymers were essentially low toxic (cell viability 53%-75%) to all of the cell types even at concentrations as high as 90 µg/mL. 6AC-2S PEG40 showed highest cell viability in both types of cells. To assess the hemolysis effect of the cationic polymers, all PEGylated 6AC-100 cationic polymers were incubated with 2% red blood cells for 2 h at 37 °C. Hemolysis is mainly defined as the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) membrane and release of their contents (hemoglobin) into the surrounding fluids. Intravascular rupture of RBCs can lead to endothelial cell dysfunction and vascular thrombosis, even cause multiple organ failure and death [41]. As a result, hemolysis can be used as the main index to evaluate whether cationic polymers have side effects. The results showed that all cationic polymers had no apparent hemolysis effect (Figure 3(C,D)) compared with PEI and 6AC-100, indicating that all PEGylated 6AC-100 cationic polymers had a high biocompatibility and may be applicable for in vivo drug delivery.
Anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous neem leaf extract mediated green synthesis-based silver nitrate nanoparticles
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Siti Zulaiha Ghazali, Noor Rasyila Mohamed Noor, Khairul Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa
In this investigation, a hemolysis assay was conducted to observe human blood compatibility of neem-AgNPs toward human red blood cells, whether the antimalarial activity of these nanoparticles influenced by the synthesized AgNPs. Hemolysis is a rupture of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and the release of their contents into the environment. Thus, the hemolytic assay has been done because not all potent biological compound activities are useful in pharmacological preparations, especially if they possess hemolytic effects.[23] Besides, the data shown in Figure 7 may reveal some information about the mechanism of cytotoxicity.
The effect of two bromfenvinphos impurities: BDCEE and β-ketophosphonate on oxidative stress induction, acetylcholinesterase activity, and viability of human red blood cells
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Bożena Bukowska, Bogumiła Huras, Monika Jarosiewicz, Jolanta Witaszewska, Marta Słowińska, Katarzyna Mokra, Jerzy Zakrzewski, Jaromir Michałowicz
It has been shown that inhibition of the activity of erythrocyte AChE did not affect changes in viability of red blood cells, while oxidative changes decreased cell viability – caused hemolysis. Excessive hemolysis, accompanied by the appearance of free hemoglobin in plasma, can lead to serious health problems such as hypercoagulitis, renal failure or systemic hypertension. The presence of hemoglobin, and therefore hem in plasma, leads to oxidative, proinflammatory and cytotoxic changes.[37]