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Nanotechnology: An Approach for Enhancement of Plant System in Terms of Tissue Culture
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Natália Cruz-Martins, Biogenic Nanomaterials, 2023
Sneha Bhandari, Swati Sinha, Tapan K. Nailwal, Devarajan Thangadurai
Plants are rich source of numerous biologically active secondary metabolites. These metabolites play crucial roles in plants defense mechanism and are important for their survival during stress conditions. Supplementation of precursors, elicitors, optimization of nutrient medium composition, and other culture conditions may enhance secondary metabolite production in plant cell and organ culture (Sivanesan et al., 2016). An efficient means for enhancing the low yields of secondary metabolite is by use of elicitors. Some biological or chemical agents through which physiological and morphological changes takes place, may improve the bioactive components of plant cell (Hussain et al., 2012). Hairy root culture, a type of plant tissue culture, serves as one of the best mediums for the production of secondary metabolites. Biotic or abiotic elicitors may enhance productivity of metabolites (Moharrami et al., 2017). In in vitro cultures, NPs may act as an elicitor or nutrient source thus enhance the production of bioactive phytoconstituents.
Molecular Farming through Plant Engineering: A Cost-Effective Approach for Producing Therapeutic and Prophylactic Proteins
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Prakash Narayana Reddy, Krupanidhi Srirama, Vijaya R. Dirisala
Stable expression and purification of PMPs through cell suspension cultures simplify purification and downstream processing steps (Santos et al., 2016). Many PMPs have been produced using the cell lines such as Tobacco BY-2 and NT-1 cell lines (Ullisch et al., 2012). Other cells lines from carrot and rice have also been utilized. PMPs such as taliglucerasealfa (Elelyso) and poultry vaccines for New Castle disease was produced by cell suspension cultures in carrot and tobacco cells (Shaaltiel et al., 2017). Another platform which is still in infancy for stable expression of transgenes is unicellular green alga such as Clamydomonas reinhardtii. Several functional antibodies, therapeutics and biologics have been expressed and produced for human use (Demurtas et al., 2013). Micro algae offer advantages of easy transformation and cultivation, safety (GRAS) and homogeneity of protein production (Massa et al., 2018). Organ culture through hairy root culture offer advantages of genetic stability, easy containment, simple growth requirements, industrial scale production of secondary metabolites and pharmaceutical proteins through easy biomass accumulation (Guillon et al., 2006). HR cultures are produced by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes which leads to extensive secondary branching. The heterologous proteins are secreted into the culture medium thereby facilitating easier downstream processing (Guillon et al., 2006). Several vaccines, therapeutic proteins, enzymes and monoclonal antibodies were successfully expresses using HR cultures (Massa et al., 2018).
Effect of biotic and abiotic elicitors on production of betulin and betulinic acid in the hairy root culture of Betula pendula Roth
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Razieh Jafari Hajati, Vahide Payamnoor, Najmeh Ahmadian Chashmi
Betula pendula Roth also known as silver birch is thought to be one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the history of traditional medicine. Betulin (B) and betulinic acid (BA), two triterpenoids extracted from B. pendula, are quite important for scientific research in the large community due to the wide range of biological and medicinal activities.[1–3] B is usually applied for the treatment of cancer at the National Center of Cancer in China.[4] BA is also used in the phase of infectious disease drug treatment for AIDS.[5] According to IUCN (2001), B. pendula is one of the most endangered species in the world.[6] Lack of regeneration, population decline and destruction of habitats has also restrained the habitats of this species in Iran. Accordingly, to produce and increase in B. pendula’s secondary metabolites, it is necessary to use biotechnological methods, such as hairy root culture. The hairy root is an herbal disease caused by gram-negative bacteria called Agrobacterium rhizogenes.[7] Its advantages include high growth rate, high branching, easy maintenance in media (hormones free), genetic stability and biosynthesis. Hairy root culture is an alternative method for the production of root-derived medicinal substances.[8] Secondary metabolites are produced at the later stages of the trees growth cycle and their production takes a lot of time, therefore using hairy root culture as a permanent source for the production of pharmaceutical valuable secondary metabolites improves the speed of producing desired pharmaceutical compounds.[9]