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Bioreactors for Biomass Conversion
Published in S Rangabhashiyam, V Ponnusami, Pardeep Singh, Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management, 2023
Aayush Kumar Choudhary, A. Ayush Kumar, Ojshwi Prakash, Godwin Glivin, N. Kalaiselvan, H. Hareesh Krishnan, M. Premalatha, V. Mariappan, Joseph Sekhar
The design of bioreactors for hydrolysis should consider several factors like the configuration, mode of operation, enzyme and substrate, reaction mechanism, operating conditions, the yield required, etc. The most common types of bioreactors used are stirred tank reactors and membrane reactors (Pino et al., 2018). Stirred tank bioreactor, filled up to 70%–80% of the medium, is the common type of bioreactor used in industries. It essentially comprises a number of agitators connected to an external motor in a cylindrical vessel. The time of mixing and energy consumption is regarded as important metrics to estimate the mixing time efficiency. To further restrain the power consumption, the impeller can be varied in the stirred tank. Membrane bioreactors are instrumental for the hydrolysis by the enzymatic approach where the polysaccharides like cellulose are used. The small size components like glucose are liberated in the process which possesses inhibitory behavior; however, they are easily detached by membranes. Membrane bioreactors reduce the loss in enzymatic activity by reducing the applicable shear force (Shokrkar et al., 2018).
Application of Nanodevices in Sensing and Regenerative Medicine
Published in Gilson Khang, Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2017
Rafiq Ahmad, Nirmalya Tripathy, Yoon-Bong Hahn
Bioreactors are devices that are used in vitro in which regenerative cells and tissues are grown under controlled monitoring and operating conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, pressure, fluidic and mechanical environment, nutrient supply, and waste control). These devices integrate several types of BioMEMS into a single device to optimize tissue regeneration and to provide specific conditions for large-scale industrial applications. Biosensors and laboratory-on-a-chip are integrated inside bioreactors to monitor and detect specific cellular processes. Most biosensors available currently are based on microtechnology but advances in nanotechnology foresee the potential for many applications for nanobiosensors. A nanobiosensor is a nanostructure that reacts to the local environment by providing an optical or electrical response. This response is a result of biological, chemical, mechanical or electrical reactions occurring on the sensor. Once nanobiosensors are integrated into bioreactors, they would in theory be able to regulate culture conditions automatically by feedback loops and this would improve tissue regeneration considerably.
Advanced Oxidation Processes and Bioremediation Techniques for Treatment of Recalcitrant Compounds Present in Wastewater
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Sweta Parimita Bera, Günay Yıldız Töre, Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment, 2022
Apoorva Sharma, Praveen Dahiya
A bioreactor is an engineered system or an apparatus that controls the biologically active environment. The bioreactor is in the form of a vessel that carries out biochemical processes and involves biochemically active substances like enzymes and microorganisms such as algae, bacteria and fungi. These bioreactors are usually made up of stainless steel, range in size from liters to cubic meters and are cylindrical in shape. The bioreactors can be classified into plug, batch and continuous flow reactors. They can be used for wastewater treatment utilizing aerobic and anaerobic processes. This system can be used for growing cells or tissues in the cell culture process (Popovic and Portner 2012), which are utilized for bioprocess engineering or tissue engineering.
Construction of polysaccharide scaffold-based perfusion bioreactor supporting liver cell aggregates for drug screening
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Lei Cao, Huicun Zhao, Mengyuan Qian, Chuxiao Shao, Yan Zhang, Jun Yang
To provide adequate nutrients, oxygen, and suitable physical stimulation to liver cells, a pectin/alginate blend scaffold-based perfusion hepatocyte bioreactor was designed for dynamic culture by bionic constructing the extracellular microenvironment of liver cells. As shown in Figure 2A, a peristaltic pump, a medium reservoir, a cell reservoir inlet for seeding cells, adding drugs, collecting metabolites, and a chamber containing a pectin/alginate blend scaffold as a cell carrier were connected in turn to form a closed circuit. The chamber was designed with a trapezoidal lid and a bottom with a perforated structure to distribute the liquid evenly and smoothly through the scaffolds. The pectin/alginate blend scaffold was held in a chamber sandwiched between two O-rings. The O-rings were held tightly against the chamber by a screw top to minimize the non-perfusing flow around the scaffold and provide a water-tight seal. Medium entered through the top hole of the screw top and evenly passed throughout the scaffold. The chamber could be used as a single channel for cell dynamic culture. Meanwhile, multiple chambers could be connected in series to study the effect of metabolites on cells, or connected in parallel for efficient and repeatable parallel detection. The whole bioreactor can be sterilized by high-pressure steam and remain sterile throughout the culture process. Moreover, the system also has the advantages of simple architecture, low cost, as well as easy assembly and operation.
An insight on the advancements of biological technologies in the bioremediation of textile effluents
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Swarnkumar Reddy, Jabez Osborne
Stirred Tank Bioreactors and Airlift Bioreactors are conventional bioreactors that have a similar purpose but differ in mode of operation. STRs are commonly used in pharmaceutical industries for large-scale operations of about 10,000 to 20,000 liters in cell cultures. ATRs are suitable for operations with a low volume of effluents. STRs are widely recommended for their various advantages such as easy handling, fluid mixing with altering impellers, and maximum oxygen transferring capacity Figure 3a. Andleeb et al. (2010) in their study proved that stirred tank bioreactors are cost-effective and have great potential in bioremediating textile dyes. ALRs are simple mechanical reactors that have several advantages such as low operational costs, easy installation and does not require an agitator, where the air from the aerators is circulated into the system facilitates the mixing of effluents Figure 3b (Sodaneath et al. 2017; Zheng et al. 2018). High power consumption and high shear are the major limitations of STRs, to overcome these limitations Cozma and Gavrilescu (2012) demonstrated the use of internal and external loop airlift bioreactors.
New bioreactor for mechanical stimulation of cultured tendon-like constructs: design and validation
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
María Carmen Araque-Monrós, Luis Gil-Santos, Manuel Monleón Pradas, Jorge Más-Estellés
The bioreactor is made up of a stainless steel frame, capable of being sterilized before each experiment, either in an autoclave or sanitized with ethanol solution. One end of the sample is anchored to the fixed part of the frame and the other to the moving part, which is oscillated by an adjustable cam wheel (its eccentricity defines the maximum deformation) to subject the sample to variable stretching cycles. To avoid the contaminating the cells under culture, the motor is outside the incubator and transmits the movement by a steel cable inside a sheath. The culture medium is placed in a Petri dish, so that the samples subjected to stretching cycles remain immersed in the culture medium, which can be renewed as frequently as required by simply replacing the Petri dish.