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Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Phytoremediation uses various kinds of plants including trees to treat soil and water contaminated with organic contaminants, heavy metals, and radionuclides.5 Although phytoremediation is generally regarded as using plants to remove pollutants from soil followed by destruction of the plant biomass, it also includes growing plants on contaminated soil, often under conditions that are not normally conducive to plant growth. Establishment of a cover of plants—phytostabilization—significantly reduces loss of pollutants from water or wind erosion and provides a soil medium conducive to pollutant biodegradation. Enhanced biodegradation of pollutants by microorganisms in the rhizosphere, where plant roots grow, is discussed in Section 15.10.
The New Symbiotic Architecture
Published in Kyoung Hee Kim, Microalgae Building Enclosures, 2022
These detoxifying methods are costly and have little to no impact on revitalization of ecosystems. Phytoremediation, on the other hand, uses plants to remove and/or stabilize heavy metals and other contaminants, promoting the physical and biological quality of the site and supporting ecosystem. It is an affordable and noninvasive process of uptaking and immobilizing contaminants with aesthetically pleasing ecosystems. The efficacy of phytoremediation techniques is dependent upon biotic factors, such as plant species used, and abiotic factors such as the nature of the contaminant, soil conditions (e.g., pH, texture, and organic content), site climate, and geography. In general, phytoremediation can be categorized as phytoextraction and phytostabilization: (1) Phytoextraction depends on the shoots and leaves of plants to accumulate contaminants and (2) phytostabilization uses plant roots to immobilize contaminants in the soil.84 Similar to phytoremediation, bioremediation uses living and nonliving organisms to decontaminate soils. These organisms vary from algae, lichens, mushrooms, bacteria to biowaste such as rice husks, wood fibers, and saw dust and decontaminate through operations such as valence transformation, biosorption, extracellular chemical precipitation, and volatilization.85
Applicability of Plants in Detoxification of Dyes
Published in Ram Naresh Bharagava, Sandhya Mishra, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Bioremediation, 2022
Pankaj Kumar Chaurasia, Shashi Lata Bharati
The use of plants for the remediation of environmental pollutants is known as phytoremediation. In other words, it may be defined as follows: phytoremediation deals with the clean-up of organic pollutants and heavy metal contaminants using plants and rhizospheric microorganisms (Ojuederie and Babalola, 2017; Dixit et al., 2015; Ali et al., 2013; Jan and Parray, 2016). The main advantage of plant-based remediation is that it is completely inexpensive and eco-friendly for the purpose of restoration of heavy metal-contaminated environments. The level of efficiency of phytoremediation depends mainly on the level of contamination of polluted sites, amount of metal-based soil contamination and ability of plant in remediating it (Tak et al., 2013). Hyperaccumulators and non-hyperaccumulators are the types of plants used in phytoremediation. Hyperaccumulators have a very high potential for heavy metal accumulation and little biomass yield efficiency, while non-hyperaccumulators possess lesser extraction capacity than hyperaccumulators, but the total biomass yield is substantially higher (Ojuederie and Babalola, 2017; Abbaszadeh-Dahaji et al., 2016; Choudhary et al., 2017). Figure 16.1 shows the role of plants in bioremediation (Ojuederie and Babalola, 2017).
Iron enriched quinoa biochar enhances Nickel phytoremediation potential of Helianthus annuus L. by its immobilization and attenuation of oxidative stress: implications for human health
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Afshan Majeed, Muhammad Amjad, Muhammad Imran, Behzad Murtaza, Muhammad Asif Naeem, Husnain Jawad, Saeed Ahmad Qaisrani, Saqib Saleem Akhtar
Phytoremediation is an effective way to remove toxins/inactivate environmental contaminants in a growth medium (water, sediments, or soil) by various natural, chemical, physical or biological, processes and mechanism of the plants (Tahir et al.2016; Naeem et al.2022). In the root system, immobilization of pollutants is done through roots absorption or rhizospheric precipitation (Sharma and Pandey 2014; Van Oosten and Maggio 2015; Tahir et al. 2021). Processes and efficacy of phytoremediation is dependent on different components like the contaminant’s nature, species of plant, bioavailability as well as soil properties (Cristaldi et al.2017; Hussain et al.2018; Rizwan et al.2019). The selection of appropriate plants for phytoremediation depends on the absorption potential for the contaminants of interest. Hyperaccumulator species (e.g., Brassica juncea, Helianthus annuus, Festuca arundinacea, Populus spp., etc.) have developed mechanisms which permits to tolerate elevated concentrations of metals, which could be toxic for other organisms (Kavamura and Esposito 2010; Ur Rehman et al.2017). It has been reported that Helianthus annuus showed higher tolerance to Pb toxicity and proved to be a good phytoremediation plant by Seth et al. (2011).
Chromium phytoextraction using Phyllostachys pubescens (Moso Bamboo)
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Ezio Ranieri, Gianfranco D’Onghia, Francesca Ranieri, Barbara Cosanti, Ada Cristina Ranieri
In this context, biotechnology offers phytoremediation techniques as a suitable alternative. Phytoremediation is an in-situ remediation technique, economically feasible and environment-friendly, that uses plants with exceptional metal-accumulating capabilities and their associated microorganisms in order to remove, degrade or isolate toxic substances from the environment to restore contaminated sites (Zayed and Terry 2003; Yoon, 2006; Muraje 2009; Bosire 2014; Sunitha et al. 2014; Favas et al. 2014; Were et al. 2017; Haq et al.2020; Kafle et al. 2022). Phytoremediation success largely depends on the characteristics of the plant to be utilized and the contaminants present in the ecosystem. It is one of the best alternatives to conventional physicochemical remediation technologies, which produce secondary pollution, are highly expensive and can deteriorate soil fertility (Ali et al. 2013; Mahar et al. 2016; Muthusaravanan et al. 2018; Ranieri, Moustakas, et al. 2020).
Soil washing of total petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from crude oil-contaminated ultisol using aqueous extracts of waterleaf
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Nnanake-Abasi O. Offiong, Opeyemi K. Fatunla, Joseph P. Essien, Chaoge Yang, Jun Dong
As a consequence of their relative acidity, high clay and low organic carbon content, ultisols, which are predominant in warm humid climates, are usually associated with poor fertility [1,2]. Specifically, ultisols of Southern Nigerian origin are characterized by inherently low nutrient levels [2]. Presently, these types of soils with peculiar salt contents or pH distinctions are of important interest because of the technical challenges they present during crude oil-contamination remediation processes. For instance, a recent study explored the utilization of combined microbial degradation of crude oil under alkaline conditions in Chinese soils [3]. This problem is further aggravated by incessant oil spills and subsequent slow response for initiation of remediation activities, especially in developing countries like Nigeria [4–6]. Many abandoned or unattended polluted sites are orchestrated by poor or lack of funding to undertake expensive, robust remediation methods in developing countries. This has led to research drive towards low-cost techniques that incorporate ecological restoration [6]. Among such remediation technologies, phytoremediation and bioremediation have been extensively explored in this respect. For instance, remediant residues derived from plants are known to have the advantage of easy biodegradability, very cheap to source, and could catalyze the growth of soil microorganisms to facilitate remediation of soils contaminated with crude oil [7].