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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment of Cartilage Lesions in the Hip
Published in K. Mohan Iyer, Hip Joint in Adults: Advances and Developments, 2018
George Hourston, Stephen McDonnell, Wasim Khan
To give a thorough account of the history of the discovery of MSCs one must consider the earlier discovery of the haematopoietic stem cell (HSC). The existence of the HSC was first proposed by a Russian biologist called Maximov in 1909. Maximov postulated that the diverse range of cells formed in adult human bone marrow and the different blood lineages and stages of differentiation that they give rise to through the process of haematopoiesis all derive from the common precursor at the top of the cellular hierarchy, the HSC [33]. The existence of a single subpopulation of cells with a multilineage differentiation potential was confirmed in 1961, when Till and McCulloch studied HSCs in clonal in vivo repopulation assays [23,24]. On the basis of these assays, the main defining principle of a stem cell came to be known, the ability to self-renew. This was illustrated by the fact that HSCs could fully reconstitute haematopoiesis in secondary as well as primary recipients in animal models [34,35]. Subsequently, bone marrow transplantation was adopted for the treatment of lymphoproliferative disease, which involved chemotherapy and radiotherapy to ablate the tumour and transplantation of healthy HSCs from tissue-compatible donors [36,37].
Systemic toxicology
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
W.M. Haschek, N.H. Stacey, C. Winder
Toxicity to circulating cells that results in decreased cell numbers increases the demand for formation of new cells in the bone marrow. For example, a decrease in red blood cells in the circulation due to haemolysis results in increased haematopoiesis in the bone marrow. Haemolysis may be caused by direct toxic damage to the erythrocyte membrane, oxidative injury to haemoglobin leading to its precipitation (Heinz body), or by immune-mediated mechanisms. The best known example of an industrial chemical causing haemolytic anaemia is arsine gas (AsH3). However, pharmaceutical drugs are the most common cause, with people deficient in 6-phosphate dehydrogenase being especially susceptible to erythrocyte damage. Toxicity to circulating granulocytes can be caused by drug-induced immune-mediated mechanisms.
Modelling acute myeloid leukaemia in a continuum of differentiation states
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2018
H. Cho, K. Ayers, L. de Pills, Y.-H. Kuo, J. Park, A. Radunskaya, R. C. Rockne
To calibrate our model, we first apply it to normal haematopoietic cell differentiation trajectories identified in Nestorowa et al. (2016). Nestorowa et al. characterize early stages in haematopoiesis with 12 cell types, shown in Table 1 and Figure 4, including E-SLAM (CD48−CD150 +CD45+EPCR+), long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs), short-term HSCs (ST-HSCs), lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors (LMPPs), multipotent progenitors (MPPs), megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitors (MEPs), common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), and granulocyte–macrophage progenitors (GMPs). We consider these 12 cell types as the 12 nodes, , in our graph, and add 51 edges to model the haematopoietic cell hierarchy (see Figure 1A) and pseudotime computed in Nestorowa et al. (2016) (see Figure 5A). This graph represents a continuum of canonical and intermediate states of haematopoietic differentiation with nodes and edges, respectively. The spatial variable in our PDE model represents the differentiation state of the cell.
Effect of low dose radiation from general X-ray to T-cell lymphocyte expression using an in vitro method
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2022
Gunjanaporn Tochaikul, Nuttapong Danthanavat, Chalermchai Pilapong, Nutthapong Moonkum
Homeostasis of the T-cell immune system plays a key role in human health and the development of various diseases (5,6). The effects of low doses of ionising radiation on the immune function and human lymphocytes have been studied for many years (7). Early studies used low dose radiation in experimental animals and concluded that chronic low dose irradiation leads to immune suppression by multiple mechanisms, such as decreased viability of mature blood cells due to ineffective haematopoiesis, and gradual reconstitution of peripheral and bone marrow compartments with residual deficiencies, which limit functional immune recovery (8).
Finite-time synchronisation of delayed fractional-order coupled neural networks
Published in International Journal of Systems Science, 2022
Shuailei Zhang, Xinge Liu, Xuemei Li
Consider the Mackey=-Glass model of haematopoiesis as follows: where is the density of cells in the circulation, τ is the maturation delay between the start of the production of immature cells in the bone marrow and their release into circulation, is called a shape parameter, is the destruction rate, are determined from experimental data related to haematopoiesis production.