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Role of Krüppel-Like Factors in Endothelial Cell Function and Shear Stress–Mediated Vasoprotection
Published in Juhyun Lee, Sharon Gerecht, Hanjoong Jo, Tzung Hsiai, Modern Mechanobiology, 2021
Lingrel and colleagues identified a novel 62 bp shear stress responsive element in the KLF2 promoter that contains a 30 bp tripartite palindrome motif [51, 52]. Furthermore, they demonstrated binding of p300/cAMP-response element-binding protein-binding protein-associated factor (PCAF) and heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (hnRNP D) to this region as components of a shear stress–specific regulatory complex. Binding of these factors was dependent upon the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and correlated with histone H3 and H4 acetylation [51]. In a subsequent study, this group identified nucleolin, an abundant and ubiquitous cellular protein that plays important roles in DNA transcription, chromatin remodeling, and mRNA stability [53], as a factor that binds the shear stress–responsive site of the KLF2 promoter. The binding of nucleolin is PI3K dependent and required for the induction of KLF2 by laminar shear stress [54]. Wang and colleagues reported that the Src signaling pathway is also involved in the shear stress–mediated regulation of KLF2. They demonstrated that Src mediates the inhibitory effect of oscillatory or disturbed flow on KLF2 expression [55].
Lung Cancer Imaging with Fluorescence Endoscopy
Published in Mary-Ann Mycek, Brian W. Pogue, Handbook of Biomedical Fluorescence, 2003
Georges Wagnières, Annette McWilliams, Stephen Lam
Currently, examination of expectorated sputum cells is the only non-invasive method that can detect early lung cancer. Examples of some of the promising methods are computer-assisted image analysis of sputum cells [13,14], immunostaining using monoclonal antibody to the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNP A2/B1) [15], methylation markers [16], and gene mutations [17]. However, when abnormal/suspicious cells are found in the sputum, the origin of these cells needs to be localized endoscopically before treatment can be applied.
Coronavirus
Published in Suman Lata Tripathi, Kanav Dhir, Deepika Ghai, Shashikant Patil, Health Informatics and Technological Solutions for Coronavirus (COVID-19), 2021
Several cellular proteins, including hnRNP A1, polypyrimidine tract binding protein, mitochondrial aconitase and polyadenylate-binding protein, are known to participate in coronavirus RNA synthesis, mainly based on their ability to bind in vitro to genomic RNA segments.
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 is regulated through heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K in lead exposure models
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2020
Gaochun Zhu, Qian Zhu, Wei Zhang, Chen Hui, Yuwen Li, Meiyuan Yang, Shimin Pang, Yaobing Li, Guoyong Xue, Hongping Chen
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) belongs to a large family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that fulfill a function on multiple aspects of nucleic acid metabolism. Interestingly, hnRNP K is widely expressed in hippocampal cell nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria.21 It has a modular structure with three K homology (KH) domains that interact with RNA and ssDNA,22 and a K interactive region (KI) which recruits various factors such as kinases and regulators.23,24 Besides, hnRNP K has nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear shutting domain (KNS) which mediate hnRNP K translocation between cytoplasm and nucleus. Therefore, hnRNP K is thought a docking platform that integrates signals from multiple kinase cascades or regulators, then exports signals including transcription, mRNA stability, mRNA transport and translation, and eventually triggers diverse cellular responses.23,24 It has been reported that the roles of hnRNP K contribute to regulating transcripts coding synaptic plasticity and forming learning and memory. At excitatory synapses, hnRNP K regulates transcripts coding synaptic proteins including GluN1, GluA1, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII), then enhances the synaptic NMDAR activities and improves NMDAR-mediated mEPSC and long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal synapses, and finally boosts learning and memory.25 An interesting study has found that adiponectin could facilitate UCP2 mRNA stabilization and its protein synthesis in mitochondria of hepatic endothelial cells in this process involving hnRNP K.15 But, the mechanism that hnRNP K modulates the UCP2 expression in lead exposure has not been reported.