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Lactulose: A High Food Value-Added Compound and Its Industrial Application in Food
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Ami R. Patel, Sudhanshu Billoria, Geetanjali Kaushik, Maninder Kaur, Microbial Biotechnology in Food Processing and Health, 2023
It has been demonstrated that a daily intake of 4–10 g (adult) lactulose exerts prebiotic action (Mizota et al., 2002; Venema et al., 2003). In addition, lactulose administration at two doses of 10 g per day resulted in a remarked alteration in bacteria gut flora without any GI problems (Ballongue et al., 1997). In general, lactulose applications in food are mainly attributed to its prebiotic condition. It increases the mineral absorption at 0.04–0.2 g kg–1 of body weight and doses between 0.07 and 0.2 g kg–1 of body weight led to an increase in the growth of probiotic bacteria, thereby lactulose is applied in food supplements, functional foods, and nutraceuticals as an excellent health promoter compound (Panesar and Kumari, 2011; Schuster-Wolff-Bühring et al., 2010). Lactulose has been also employed as a potent prebiotic in animal feed, to increase the proliferation rate of Lactobacillus and Bifi- dobacterium species, to lower intestinal pathogens, and to enhance the intestinal motility. As well, it was used as an animal growth promoter (Aft-Aissa and Afder, 2014; Schumann, 2002).
Gut Microbiome and Heavy Metals
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Ashfaque Hossain, Muhammad Manjurul Karim, Tania Akter Jhuma, Godfred A. Menezes
The mercury-induced disruption of the gut flora was first reported in monkeys where the increase of both the mercury- and antibiotic-resistant bacteria was evidenced (Summers et al., 1993). Another study on Porcellio scaber (an isopod) also confirmed the presence of Hg-resistant bacteria because of exposure to Hg in the gut produced complete elimination of Bacteriodetes associated with decrease in Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria levels (Lapanje et al., 2010). Such an alteration of gut flora leads to disturbances of several host system such as CNS (Li et al., 2019) through gut-microbiome-brain axis (Figure 6.7) (Rosenfeld, 2017; Kim and Shin, 2018). Gut microbiome shift causes an increase in “gut leakiness” which plays a vital role in many gut-microbiome-brain comorbidity disorders (Rosenfeld, 2017).
The Human Microbiome: How Our Health is Impacted by Microorganisms
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
A recent study69 found that there are at least 1000 to 1200 bacterial species in the human intestine. Each host contains approximately 160 dominant bacteria. The human intestine contains not only harmful bacteria but also various beneficial bacteria. The human intestine normally contains microorganisms such as bifidobacteria, lactobacillus, etc. Most of them are strict anaerobic bacteria, a small number of them are facultative anaerobic bacteria (i.e., capable of making ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but also able to switch to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent). The gut bacteria of most healthy adults are relatively stable, while the elderly often suffer a reduction of the number of bifidobacteria. Once a person suffers from a certain disease, the bacterial structure will undergo changes. Those changes can eventually result in a condition called dysbacteriosis, a term that describes microbial imbalance or a seriously impaired microbiota. For example, a part of the human microbiota, such as the skin flora, gut flora, or vaginal flora, can become deranged, with normally dominating species underrepresented and normally outcompeted species increasing to fill the void. The healthy person’s gastrointestinal tract accumulates a wide variety of microorganisms. These microorganisms are called intestinal flora. Under normal circumstances, a large number of bacteria in the intestinal tract exist in a certain proportion. Each group of bacteria has mutual restraint, interdependence, to other bacteria. There is a specific ecological balance between the groups. Although the environment and organisms constantly change the flora, the bacteria and the organism will always maintain a corresponding dynamic balance. Once the host’s internal and external environment changes, especially by the frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the susceptible flora in the gut will be inhibited, and other uninhibited bacteria may multiply, thereby causing dysbacteriosis, i.e., making the patient’s disease worse.
Adverse Outcome Pathway for Antimicrobial Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Experiments demonstrating epithelial membrane disruption were generally conducted in either bacterial cell cultures found in gut flora (Gilbert and Moore 2005) via intra-tracheal instillation (Ohnuma et al. 2011) or other surface epithelial cells (Walters et al. 2012). These data demonstrated the surfactant effect of QAC on relevant epithelial cells, which are consistent with microscopic observations of epithelium irritation of the GI tract in dogs administered subchronic oral doses of DDAC (Cox and Bailey 1975) or rats treated with subchronic inhalation doses of DDAC (Kim, Lee, and Lim 2017). KE-1was also detected in cultured human respiratory mucosa (Berg, Henriksen, and Steinsvåg 1995) and in bacteria found in human gut flora (Wessels and Ingmer 2013).
Interaction of micro(nano)plastics with extracellular and intracellular biomolecules in the freshwater environment
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
After ingestion, these MNPs can interact with intracellular biomolecules giving rise to bio-corona formation, endow plastic particles with a new immunological identity (Westmeier et al., 2016), and can induce human health risks if containing AREs and anthropogenic pollutants (Dong et al., 2021). Importantly, MNPs containing ARB and ARGs may disrupt the natural gut microbiota’s equilibrium in humans (Fournier et al., 2021; Lu, Luo, et al., 2019). In addition, pathogens such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which enter alongside other bacteria by ingestion of MNP biofilms, might alter gut flora (Wagner et al., 2014). Humans can directly interact with AREs and pathogens through drinking water, in addition to food intake (Lu, Zhang, et al., 2019).
Potential of pectin for biomedical applications: a comprehensive review
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Nazlı Seray Bostancı, Senem Büyüksungur, Nesrin Hasirci, Ayşen Tezcaner
Apart of food industry, pectin also received a lot of attention from biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries due to its benefits over human health. For instance, pectin and its derivatives (pectin derived oligosaccharides, POS) are used as dietary prebiotics especially for gastrointestinal (GI) track microbiota and gut flora [6]. Furthermore, studies have shown that pectin has regulating impact on both cholesterol and blood glucose levels [24, 25]. All these positive impacts of pectin have lead the research for new fields of pectin utilization like drug delivery devices [15], wound dressings [26, 27] and in tissue engineering scaffolds [12, 27]. In fact, there is an increasing trend since 2015 on pectin based studies all over the world (Figure 1E). This review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the recent developments achieved on pectin and pectin-based composites and especially their uses in biomedical applications as drug delivery systems and tissue engineering scaffolds. The strength of this manuscript compared to the published review articles is that the current review focused on the potential of pectin for producing novel and versatile scaffolds with improved properties for tissue engineering applications and especially using pectin as bioink in 3D printing which is the technology of the present and the future. Additionally, structure, chemical modifications and combinations of pectin with other polymers/ceramics in drug delivery matrices and tissue engineering and pectin-cell interactions are discussed in depth with the studies performed in the last decades and especially in the last 5 years. Current status of pectin products in research level (in vitro, pre-clinical model, clinical trial and commercialized products) have been reviewed.