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Remediation of Sites Contaminated by Organic Compounds
Published in Larry E. Erickson, Valentina Pidlisnyuk, Phytotechnology with Biomass Production, 2021
Lawrence C. Davis, Barbara Zeeb, Larry E. Erickson, Aigerim Mamirova, Valentina Pidlisnyuk
Recalcitrance of PAHs and PCBs varies widely so that success with a few congeners or homologs is no guarantee of success with all forms. The earliest remediation study with Miscanthus that we can identify was by Wilke and Metz (1993). They analyzed a suite of six PCB congeners and six PAHs from a long-term contaminated site in Germany, which also had high levels of toxic metals including Cd and Zn relative to regulatory standards. The contamination source was sewage sludge irrigation and the soil total organic carbon was 6.7%. Growth of Miscanthus sinensis (M. sinensis) or Polygonum sachalinense was less effective in the undiluted soil containing 72 mg kg−1 of Cd and 1800 mg kg−1 of Zn, >1600 µg kg−1 of PCBs and 3062 µg kg−1 of PAHs than in a soil diluted with brown podzol. That soil had only 0.77% of TOC and a pH 4.1. It is not known which element or compound was the main contributor to growth inhibition. Depending on bioavailability, Zn at 1800 mg kg−1 at the pH < 5 (pH 4.8 in undiluted soil) could be strongly inhibitory. Over a range of dilutions giving 1×, 5×, 10×, 20× of the regulatory limit of 1.5 mg kg−1 for Cd, both PCBs and PAHs were accumulated only in roots, to a maximum of 975 µg kg−1 of PCBs and 2083 µg kg−1 of PAHs at approximately 1:1 dilution of the contaminated soil (to 20 × 1.5 mg kg−1 of Cd). Degradation products were not measured. Neither PCB nor PAH congeners were detected in stems and leaves in this pot study. No more recent studies with PCBs have been reported.
Multiscale modeling of the dynamic growth of cancerous tumors under the influence of chemotherapy drugs
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Emad Farjami, Mohammad Mahjoob
Cancerous cells can be targeted if the right quantity of medicine/dosage is used. Tumors would recur in the case a lower dose than an appropriate amount is prescribed. The outcomes of our simulation are in accordance with the published data obtained from experimental studies on tumor inhibition in the presence of anticancer therapeutics (Makin and Hickman 2000; Zitvogel et al., 2008; Pratt and Ensminger 1994). Our model successfully predicted tumor growth inhibition in the presence of chemotherapy and environmental factors, such as glucose and immune cells. The results of our modeling and simulations revealed that the nutrient competition between normal and cancer cells reduces the number of normal cells because of tumor growth and decreased glucose concentrations. Conversely, the drug damages the tumor cells more than normal cells. Although the phenomenon of programmed death leads to the destruction of normal cells when the environment is saturated with cells, they are regenerated after the elimination of tumor cells by cancer treatment.
Re-evaluation of the anticarcinogenic effect of metformin in a chemically-induced hepatocellular carcinoma model not associated with diabetes
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Fatima A. M. El-Deeb, Yomna I. Mahmoud, Nagwa H. A. Hassan
Metformin, a biguanide extracted from the herb Galega officinalis [9], is one of the most prescribed antidiabetic oral drugs [10] due to its efficacy, minimum side effects and inexpensive cost [11]. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis by increasing peripheral glucose uptake by the muscles and lowering fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose concentrations [11]. Metformin was also reported to enhance the antiproliferative effects of cisplatin, tamoxifen and paclitaxel in lung, breast and prostate cancers [12,13]. In the last decade, many studies indicated that metformin helps in reducing the mortality caused by different types of cancers in humans [14], as well as experimental animals [15–17]. Metformin-mediated cancer suppression occurs through a variety of mechanisms, including cancer cell growth inhibition, increased apoptosis, induced cell cycle arrest and metastasis inhibition [18].
Green-based bio-synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles in Arabic gum and examination of their cytotoxicity, photocatalytic and antibacterial effects
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2021
Zahra Sabouri, Alireza Akbari, Hasan Ali Hosseini, Mehrdad Khatami, Majid Darroudi
Today, research into nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is increasing. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of synthesized NiO-NPs by the usage of Arabic gum polymer on normal CNs cell lines and cancer U87MG cell lines; the obtained results are exhibited in Figure 9(a,b). CNs and U87MG cell lines were treated with different concentrations of NiO-NPs for 48 h and cell viability and IC50 value were calculated by MTT method (9). The cytotoxicity outcomes were reported using Equation (4) as the nanoparticles concentration caused a growth inhibition of 50% in the cancer cells. The obtained results indicated that NiO-NPs were capable of eliminating 50% of U87MG cells at the concentration of 16 μg mL−1, meaning that the nanoparticles destroyed about 50% of cells, which was considered as the Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The MTT results showed that the cytotoxicity effect of NiO-NPs is dose-dependent on concentration and can significantly reduce the cell survival. We described the basis of viability versus the concentration (μg mL−1), which was determined through Equation (4) (47). In conformity to the results of this study, the lethal effect of synthesized NiO-NPs by green method on cancer cells was greater than normal cells. Therefore, the exertion of these nanoparticles can be considered in the treatment of cancer.