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Injectable Scaffolds for Oral Tissue Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
J.L. Suárez-Franco, B.I. Cerda-Cristerna
The repair and regeneration of craniofacial tissues continue to be a challenge for clinicians and biomedical engineers. Reconstruction of pathologically damaged craniofacial tissues is often required because of tumors, traumas, or congenital malformations. There are constructive procedures for craniofacial tissue regeneration which are usually complex because the craniofacial region is a complex construct, consisting of bone, cartilage, soft tissue and neurovascular bundles. For instance, to reconstruct damaged craniofacial bones, surgical procedures are available. Autologous bone grafts have been considered the reference standard for bone regenerative therapies. Together with allogenic bone grafts, this type of bone graft material comprises more than 90% of grafts performed. However, these grafting procedures have numerous disadvantages, including hematomas, donor site morbidity, inflammation, infection and high cost (Morissette Martin et al. 2019).
A Review on Nanocellulose Composites in Biomedical Application
Published in S. M. Sapuan, Y. Nukman, N. A. Abu Osman, R. A. Ilyas, Composites in Biomedical Applications, 2020
N. S. Sharip, T. A. T. Yasim-Anuar, M. N. F. Norrrahim, S. S. Shazleen, N. Mohd. Nurazzi, S. M. Sapuan, R. A. Ilyas
Bones, as part of the body's skeletal system, are capable of self-regeneration by actions of bone formation (osteogenesis) and bone lysis (osteolysis). However, severe defects could disrupt the efficiency of this function (Esmonde-White et al., 2013; Filipowska et al., 2017). Therefore, grafting as replacement is needed to help in providing mechanical or structural support, fill defective gaps, and enhance bone tissue formation (Bohner, 2010; Damien & Parsons, 1991). In addition to replacing missing bones, grafting materials also aid to regenerate lost bone. Conventionally, bone grafting is conducted by transferring natural bones from several sources such as autografting, allografting, and xenografting. In corresponding order, the sources of bone grafts are from the bones of another part of the recipients' body, bones from a different individual of the same species, and bones from a different species such as from animal to human. However, these three methods expose patients to the risk of rejection and transmission of infectious diseases, on top of donor shortage limitation for autografts and allografts (Damien & Parsons, 1991; Sheikh et al., 2015).
Surface Modification of Polymer Biomaterials
Published in Yaser Dahman, Biomaterials Science and Technology, 2019
Grafting as a technique can be used in a vast amount of different applications. Generally speaking, grafting is used to alter the surface of a polymer by adding a monomer or polymer which contains specific properties to the surface of another polymer. This secondary polymer is usually of hydrophilic nature in order to tune the overall surface of the first polymer to be hydrophilic. Although this is the most-used application of grafting, grafting can be used to add specific bioactive molecules onto the surface of another polymer, which would allow for better cellular proliferation and adhesion. Enhanced cellular adhesion and proliferation can also be accomplished through the grafting of specific biopolymers which have been known to promote cellular growth and adhesion, such as collagen, to the surface. Specifically, after graft polymerization Gupta et al. (2002) immobilized collagen onto the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate), which in turn increased the growth rate of smooth human muscle cells. In terms of manufacturing applications, grafting has been used in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, and even macroscale polymeric implants for bone replacement. Although grafting allows the specific tunability of the surface hydrophobicity and surface composition, it does have one major drawback. Depending on the shelf life or wait time before use, grafted polymers tend to reorient themselves and revert back to their hydrophobic nature, depending on the intensity of the grafting procedure and the technique used.
Modeling of the PHEMA-gelatin scaffold enriched with graphene oxide utilizing finite element method for bone tissue engineering
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Sara Tabatabaee, Mehran Hatami, Hossein Mostajeran, Nafiseh Baheiraei
Bone defects cause a remarkable economic impact on the healthcare system of the countries (Perez et al. 2018; Haghighizadeh et al. 2019). At least, 4 million operations are performed utilizing bone grafts annually all over the world (Brydone et al. 2010). Only in the United States, the expenses of these therapies and their follow up have been estimated to reach about $5 billion per year (Perez et al. 2018). Despite the fact that autografting is considered the gold standard for healing bone fractures, muscle weakness, post-surgical morbidity, and infection could be noted as its drawbacks (Younger and Chapman 1989). Furthermore, allografting (grafting from a different donor) carries the risk of disease transmission, immune responses, nonunion fatigue fracture, and rejection (Hollister 2005; Baheiraei et al. 2018).
Doped biphasic calcium phosphate: synthesis and structure
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2019
The World Health organization (WHO) has recognized musculoskeletal diseases resulting from trauma, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis or surgical intervention, as the second largest contributor to disabilities worldwide [1]. According to recent statistics, around 2.2 million patients require bone grafting procedure annually to improve the quality of life or to rectify bone defects [2]. Moreover, about 1.2 million people have lost their lives because of the lack of proper bone replacement facilities [3,4]. Both biological and synthetic bone graft materials are clinically used for hard tissue replacement therapy. Biological bone graft materials can be broadly classified into three categories: autografts, allografts, and xenografts [5]. While biological materials closely resemble natural bone, they are at high risk of immuno-rejection and microbiological contamination, which often leads to revision surgery and implant removal [5]. A limited supply of biological materials is another major drawback for such grafting. Hence, the search for synthetic bone replacement materials has been driving significant activity in the field of biomaterials.