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Osmotic Dehydration of Fruits and Vegetables
Published in Arun S. Mujumdar, Handbook of Industrial Drying, 2020
Piotr P. Lewicki, Andrzej Lenart
A particular type of tissue is the vascular one. It contains xylem and phloem, which form bundles. Xylem consists in elongated cells with perforated end walls that no longer contain viable protoplasm. Xylem, in other words, forms open dead vessels that provide a way of transportation for minerals and water from roots to other parts of a plant. Phloem consists in elongated viable cells that have sieve end plates. Phloem translocates a solution of sugars, amino acids, and other nutritious substances.
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Phloem is a specialized vascular plant tissue for the transport of assimilates (generally sugars) from the point of synthesis (in the leaf) to other parts of the plant. It consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and fibers.
A bio-inspired design strategy for easy powder removal in powder-bed based additive manufactured lattice structure
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2022
Saurav Verma, Ajeet Kumar, Shang-Chih Lin, Jeng-Ywan Jeng
Nature can be our best teacher for optimising the design of cellular structures based on our required applications. The requirement of easy powder flow from a cellular structure in a pressurised environment should show parallels with the natural flow of water and food in the stems and leaves of different plants. The xylem and phloem tissue cells of the plants are superiorly designed for the flow of essential materials, as well as the enhancement of the elastic strength of plant stems. These cells are a vascular bundle; made up of elongated tubular cells with lignified walls, large lumen, and tapering ends (pharmacognosy 2019). The pits or cavities on the lignified cell walls of xylem tissue (Figure 2a) or the perforated sieve plates in phloem tissue (Figure 2b) help in cell-to-cell conduction of water and minerals (Choat et al. 2008). The flow of materials within these cells results from a pressure difference between the top end and bottom end of the vascular bundle, which occurs due to transpiration or evaporation of water from the leaves (Dudukovic et al. 2021). Hence, design inspiration is drawn to mimic this unique function in the unit-cells of the lattice structure, which is based on the vascular shape and perforated walls of plant cells.
Mitigation of arsenic accumulation in rice: An agronomical, physico-chemical, and biological approach – A critical review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Prasanna Kumarathilaka, Saman Seneweera, Yong Sik Ok, Andrew A. Meharg, Jochen Bundschuh
Moreover, S addition causes the mitigation of As accumulation in rice grains by changing the metabolism of the rice plant. For example, Dixit et al. (2015) demonstrated that the addition of S (5.0 mM) resulted in a reduced transcript level of Lsi2 which mediates As(III) efflux in the direction of the xylem. Sulfur can also enhance the formation of low molecular weight thiol-rich peptides (i.e. phytochelatins (PCs) and glutathione (GSH)) in rice roots (Zhang, Zhao, Duan, & Huang, 2011). These thiols possess a high affinity for As(III) (Figure 1). As(III)-thiol complexes are transported for vacuole sequestration through a C-type ATP-binding cassette transporter (OsABCC1) in rice roots (Zhao, Ma, Meharg, & McGrath, 2009). The OsABCC1 present in the tonoplast of phloem in nodes also mediates transporting of As(III)-thiol complexes for vacuole sequestration (Song et al., 2014). As(V), the major As species under non-flooded conditions, is readily reduced into the As(III) by As(V) reductase enzymes in rice roots (Shi et al., 2016; Xu, Shi, et al., 2017). As(V) reduction and its consequent As(III)-thiol complexation and sequestration in the vacuoles reduces As(V) translocation in the rice plants.
Cut orientation effect on mass transfer: Drying and rehydration of yellow sweet potato cylinders
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Karla Ramirez, Laurita Silva, Francisco Gavidia, Meliza Lindsay Rojas, Alberto Claudio Miano
The intention of studying cut orientation effect on drying process is to evaluate the role of different tissues on water transfer during air convective drying. It is expected that in longitudinally oriented cut, vascular tissue (phloem and xylem vessels) controls the water transfer, especially by capillarity. This is because of more area, with a higher quantity of inlets to vessels (Figure 1), is exposed to air convective drying. On the other hand, diffusion would dominate water transfer in transverse-oriented cut since ground tissue (non-vascular tissue) is less porous. Finally, the oblique oriented cut would have vessels entrances at all surface area of the cylinder (lateral and bases), which could promote water transfer by capillarity and diffusion simultaneously balanced.