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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Goiter refers to a swelling of the neck caused by enlargement of the thyroid gland. Whether the swelling will appear warm via thermography depends on the underlying etiology.137 Hyperthyroid goiter appears diffusely warm, while hypothyroid goiter often shows a cool gland area. Hashimoto's thyroiditis may have variable thermal findings depending on the state of the disease process – active or quiescent. Graves' disease is characterized by a diffusely hyper-vascularized thyroid, showing high yet variable temperatures over the gland.138 Thermography also offers an assessment tool for patients with active thyroid eye disease (TED), with good accuracy and specificity.139 TED patients with active ophthalmopathy showed orbital temperatures around 3°C (5.4°F) higher than normal, and had eyelid temperatures above 37°C (98.6°F).140 More severe cases of TED may present with systemic fever of unknown origin.141
Cobalt Toxicity
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Muhammad Umar, Ayyaz Sultan, Noman Jahangir, Zobia Saeed
Cobalt toxicity can lead to thyroid dysfunction, which may present as hypothyroidism or chronic thyroiditis. It may be a result of reduced iodine uptake and development of goitre. Histological analysis of cobalt affected thyroid tissue shows follicular distortion, cellular changes, and colloid depletion. Thyroid dysfunction is also considered as a risk factor for the development of cardiomyopathy related to cobalt toxicity.64 This effect was first identified in the 1940s, following its use for the treatment of anemia.65 The therapeutic use of cobalt for anemia treatment was associated with side effects such as thyroid dysfunction and reversible vision and hearing impairment.66,67 Its use for anemia treatment ended in the 1970s when researchers developed more efficient drugs for this condition.
Geochemistry and Health in Sri Lanka
Published in Iain Thornton, Hazel Doyle, Ann Moir, Geochemistry and Health, 2017
C.B. Dissanayake, M.U. Jayasekera, S.V.R. Weerasooriya
The problem of endemic goitre in Sri Lanka has been investigated by many workers, the most recent study being that of Fernando et al. (1987) which shows that: Endemic goitre in Sri Lanka is of relatively recent origin.Endemic goitre is mainly due to iodine deficiency, while other factors such as genetics, geological characteristics, goitrogens, polluted water and trace elements may be contributory factors.Western, Southern, Central, Sabaragamuwa and part of Uva Provinces of Sri Lanka, compose the endemic goitre belt with an estimated 10 million persons at risk.
Thyroid Disorder Diagnosis by Optimal Convolutional Neuron based CNN Architecture
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Rajole Bhausaheb Namdeo, Gond Vitthal Janardan
Chandel et al. (2016) have stated that classification and clustering were the most familiar approaches that were utilised for understanding the different parameters in the health data set. This research work has used different classification approaches for classifying the thyroid disease that was on the basis of parameters including TSH, T4U, and goitre. Several classification models including K-nearest neighbour, SVM, and Naive Bayes were utilised. Finally, they conducted an investigation study using the Rapid Miner tool and the outcomes have shown that the accuracy rate of K-nearest neighbour was higher than the Naive Bayes for detecting the thyroid disease. Table 1 shows the conventional thyroid diagnosis models.
Evaluation of the dose received in the tissues of the neck during quantification of iodine in the thyroid by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2018
Antonio Portararo, Caroline Licour, Isabelle Gerardy, Fausto Pozuelo Navarro
The quantification of iodine inside the thyroid by means of XRF spectrometry has been proven to be a valid technique with an acceptable dose given to the patient. However, further studies are needed to improve the dose distribution knowledge. For instance, a better morphologic study of the thyroid is advisable, taking into consideration all the possible thyroid gland sizes, even with different iodine distribution or in the case of goitre. Furthermore, the need of an additional beam collimator in front of the patient may be investigated.
Hydrogeochemical characteristics and multivariate statistical approach for monitoring groundwater quality scenario in the vicinity of industrial area of western Himalaya, India
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2023
Kshitindra Kumar Singh, Geeta Tewari, Mamta Bisht, R. K. Tiwary, Suresh Kumar, Kiran Patni, Aabha Gangwar, Bhawana Kanyal
Bicarbonate ion was the most dominant anion in this region followed by chloride, sulphate, nitrate and fluoride. The mean content of varied from 129.0 to 372.2 mg L−1 with a mean value of 245.5 mg L−1 which contributed 52% of the total anionic equivalence (TZ-) (Figure 2a). The subterranean atmosphere has superior CO2 pressure (formed due to the biological degradation of organisms and dead plant material), which in the ground reacts with rainwater to form bicarbonates. The high bicarbonate content in this region compared to other anionic species revealed the dissipation of bicarbonate minerals rich in alkaline earth metals [15]. The amount of chloride in the groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar region was found between 8.5 and 252.0 mg L−1, having a mean value of 46.74 mg L−1 which contributed 14% to total TZ−. Only one groundwater sample (USN 2) was having chloride content that exceeded the acceptable limit (Table 2). Generally, the major lithogenic source of chloride is weathering of halite which liberates the same amount of Na+ and Cl− along with the resultant molar amount of Na+/Cl− around one. The study area is far away from the seacoast and a high Na+/Cl− ratio (avg. 2.5) indicated non-lithogenic, non-atmospheric sources but anthropogenic sources (irrigation practice, household, industrial and animal misuse) of chloride in the present study area [54,55]. The amount of sulphate varied 0.4 to 150.4 mg L−1 with a mean value of 40.2 mg L−1 which accounted for 31% of TZ-. The amount of nitrate varied from 0 to 58 mg L−1 contributing 2% of the TZ- (Figure 2a). The spatial distribution map of nitrate revealed that only five groundwater sampling points in the eastern and very small part of the northwestern region had a high content of nitrate than the acceptable limit (45 mg L−1) of BIS [51]. Furthermore, the contour map of nitrate amount signified that 50% of the samples in the central, southern, eastern and northwestern parts had a lower content of nitrate (0.0 to 2.14 mg L−1) (Table 2; Figures 2a and 3a). High nitrate content in this area might be due to intensive agricultural activities, excessive uses of fertilisers and byproducts of nitrogen-related organic compounds from irrigation practice, and manure from domestic animals [56]. In this region, urea, ammonium nitrate, superphosphate as well as manure of domestic animals are used as fertilisers. Nitrate, when present in high amounts in drinking water, causes methemoglobinemia, stomach cancer and birth defects, goitre and hypertension [57].