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Biomedical and Diagnostic Applications of Iron-based Nanomaterials
Published in Piyal Mondal, Mihir Kumar Purkait, Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 2023
Piyal Mondal, Mihir Kumar Purkait
Recent investigations reveal image-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) to have better substitute therapeutic modality than widely used traditional methods. It is further assumed to have capacity to provide an advanced precision therapy alternative. With current technological advancements in material science, materials with a desired composition and of specific shape and size may be fabricated. However, synthesizing multicomponent materials along with the required specifications still presents challenges to overcome. Malignant cells have a significantly better metabolism rate and higher glucose uptake. This mechanism is used to observe the cancer tissues under PET, consuming enhanced radiolabeled glucose analogy uptake, [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose. Glucose transporter (Glut) proteins are available in the mammalian cells plasma membrane, providing glucose movement in the cytoplasm. Glut-1 has been reported to provide higher glucose transport in the cancer cells than various other available Glut proteins (Singh 2017). Henceforth, Glut proteins are considered as preferred markers to identify cancer cells/tissues. Glut-1 has been observed to be involved in higher glucose transportation. The association of Glut antibody and IONPs were able detect haemangioma using MRI contrast imaging modality. The investigation focused on the variation of immature haemangioma with respect to the vascular malformation, as Glut-1 exists exclusively in the cells of immature haemangioma (Sohn et al., 2015).
Barriers in the Tumor Microenvironment to Nanoparticle Activity
Published in Dan Peer, Handbook of Harnessing Biomaterials in Nanomedicine, 2021
Hanan Abumanhal-Masarweh, Lilach Koren, Omer Adir, Maya Kaduri, Maria Poley, Gal Chen, Aviram Avital, Noga Sharf Pauker, Yelena Mumblat, Jeny Shklover, Janna Shainsky-Roitman, Avi Schroeder
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to support survival and proliferation [236–238]. Increased glucose uptake and glycolysis via the aerobic pathway are main features of their altered metabolism [236, 237]. The lower efficiency of ATP production by glycolysis compared to oxidative phosphorylation increases cancer cells glucose dependence. This is achieved through the overexpression of glucose transporter-1 GLUT1 in many types of cancers [239–242]. In addition to ATP production, high glycolysis rates supply the cells with glycolytic intermediates that fuel metabolic pathways generating de novo building blocks necessary for cell proliferation, including nucleotides, lipids, amino acids, and NADPH [236, 237, 239]. Targeting metabolic pathways for cancer treatment and diagnosis opens a new research and treatment frontier [243–245].
Hypobaric Hypoxia: Adaptation and Acclimatization
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
John H. Coote, James S. Milledge
The hypoxia inducible factor also up-regulates, via gene induction, the enzymes involved in anaerobic glycolysis, and so brain glycolysis increases in both acute and chronic hypoxia, but contributes little to the energy needs of the cells. It appears that its significance is in increasing brain lactate and hence acidifying brain tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid, which otherwise would become alkaline due to the decrease in the tension of arterial carbon dioxide caused by hyperventilation. This is one mechanism that enables central chemoreceptor drive to increase during acclimatization. These changes are accompanied by increased transport of glucose across the capillary–brain barrier due to up-regulation of the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT 1). This is due, again, to HIF-1α gene induction. GLUT 1 is responsible for carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion at the capillary endothelium (Harik et al., 1994; Chavez et al., 2000). Therefore, there are several intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that allow the brain to function under low-oxygen conditions. Much, though, still needs to be learned about the role of these and other mechanisms in the brain of humans, particularly those adapted to living and working at high altitude.
Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Felix Effah, Benjamin Taiwo, Deborah Baines, Alexis Bailey, Tim Marczylo
Four studies enabled assessment of PG/VG components alone by including that as vehicle control. Evidence showed that PG/VG-alone decreased metabolic activity in H929 (Leigh et al. 2016), H441, and HBECs (Woodall et al. 2020) via a mechanism that likely involves the blockade of glucose transporter uptake. Woodall et al. (2020) showed that PG/VG reduced glucose uptake and metabolism via the glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT2, and GLUT10) in human bronchial epithelial cells. In comparison, Bahl et al. (2012), Leigh et al. (2016), and Ween et al. (2020a) reported that PG/VG exerted no marked adverse effects on the pulmonary cells. Therefore, based on the contrasting evidence provided above, potentially stemming from methodological differences including the choice of cell line and dosage, attributing the adverse effects observed with flavored nicotine-contained e-liquids to the presence of nicotine by comparison to their nicotine-free e-liquid equivalents (Table 2, 3 , 4 , 5 and 6), without appropriate nicotine- and PG/VG-alone control may be misleading.
Chemical, physical, and biological properties of Pd(II), V(IV)O, and Ag(I) complexes of N3 tridentate pyridine-based Schiff base ligand
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2020
L. H. Abdel-Rahman, A. M. Abu-Dief, F. M. Atlam, A. A. H. Abdel-Mawgoud, A. A. Alothman, A. M. Alsalme, A. Nafady
For these reasons and our ongoing research interest on the synthesis of novel Schiff-based ligands and their metal complexes for biological and catalytic applications, we describe, herein, facile procedures for the synthesis and characterization of a new tridentate N3imine ligand and its Pd(II),V(IV)O, and Ag(I) complexes [13–18]. Spectroscopic and thermal characteristics of chelates along with their biological activity towards selected bacteria, fungi, and cancer cell lines were evaluated. Finally, molecular docking and CT-DNA binding ability were assessed to support biological studies using GLUT1 enzyme, which facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells.
Exenatide promotes the autophagic function in the diabetic hippocampus: a review
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Eman Mohammed Elsaeed, Ahmed Gamal Abdelghafour Hamad, Omnia S. Erfan, Mona A. El-Shahat, Fathy Abd Elghany Ebrahim
Additionally, the autophagic impairment may contribute to the development of insulin resistance, as the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria results in elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that overwhelm the cytoprotective capacity of autophagy, which is implicated as one of the mechanisms of insulin resistance [31]. Insulin resistance can develop in the neural tissue as well. Indeed, the neural tissue is insulin-independent for containing the glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3, but it is insulin-responsive, as insulin receptors are widely expressed in the brain [3].