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2H
Published in Guillaume Madelin, X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022
De Feyter et al. [5] demonstrated the use of DMI to monitor 2H-labeled glycogen metabolism in both rat and human liver. The liver plays a major role in glucose metabolism over the whole body as it is the primary organ to store glucose. In both healthy rats and humans, DMI was acquired 2 hours after infusion of intravenous injection of d66-glucose. Based on the concentration of deuterated water at natural abundance (8.9 mM), it was found that in rat, glycogen+ glucose concentration in liver was 2.7± 0.3 mM.No other labeled metabolites were detected due to their too low SNR. Levels of glutamate for example are expected to be of the order of 2–3 mM in liver, which is 4–5 times lower than that in brain, which are generally around 10–11 mM. Similar results were observed in human liver.
Introduction
Published in Debabrata Das, Debayan Das, Biochemical Engineering, 2019
Glucose metabolism has been studied in much detail as glucose is the major carbon and energy source for many organisms. Depending on the availability of oxygen, glucose can be catabolized aerobically (in the presence of oxygen) or anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen). Aerobic glucose catabolism mainly involves three major metabolic pathways: (i) the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway, or commonly known as glycolysis in which glucose is converted to pyruvate, (ii) the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in which pyruvate is oxidized to NADH and CO2, and (iii) the electron transport chain (ETC) in which electrons are transferred from NADH to the final electron acceptor (oxygen) to form ATP. The end product of glycolysis, i.e., pyruvate is the key metabolite in glucose metabolism. Under anaerobic conditions, the EMP pathway is followed by fermentation in which pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, butanol, etc. depending on the enzymatic machinery available. In this process, substrate-level phosphorylation supplies the ATP. The net ATP yield of the anaerobic process is too low (2 mol ATP/glucose) as compared to aerobic glucose metabolism (38 mol ATP/glucose).
Effect of smoking on superoxide dismutase levels in DM with pulmonary TB patients
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
M.I. Sari, S.S. Widjaja, Z. Amir, D.M. Darlan, D.D. Wijaya
Cigarette smoke is one of the exogenous sources of free radicals (oxidants). This is a factor in the occurrence of systemic disease and organ damage, including the pancreas. It happens via the pathway of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase enzyme. Inhibition of this enzyme causes a decrease of adiponectin secretion. This process can decrease the insulin sensitivity, which directly disrupts the process of glucose metabolism (Hilawe et al., 2015). Oxidative stress also increases the levels of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones affect the sympathetic nervous system and increase the rate of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis that causes hyperglycaemia (Vu et al., 2014). Both of these pathways will cause metabolic disorders such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (Hilawe et al., 2015; Vu et al., 2014). The condition of hyperglycaemia in people with DM will lead to auto oxidative glucose reactions, protein glycation and the activation of polyol metabolism pathways that will accelerate the formation of free radicals, and this can cause damage to the organs.
Resistance exercise training augments the immunomodulatory adaptations to aerobic high-intensity interval training
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Nakisa Soltani, Sayyed Mohammad Marandi, Volga Hovsepian, Mohammad Kazemi, Nafiseh Esmaeil
To address this, numerous studies are being conducted to investigate the effects of various treatments, such as lifestyle interventions and weight loss medications, on inflammatory mediators in both animal and human models, thereby providing important insights into the complex interplay between obesity and inflammation (Fujisaka et al., 2013; Kosmalski et al., 2023; Kraakman et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014; Wensveen et al., 2015). The skeletal muscle has been identified as an active secretory endocrine organ, which establishes a paradigm for linking the muscle secretome to organ cross-talk, including the liver, brain, and immune cells (Pedersen & Febbraio, 2012; Sabaratnam et al., 2022). Since then, the highly beneficial effects of exercise training on metabolic disorders have been extensively established (Lancaster & Febbraio, 2014). Exercise training has been found to improve the metabolic profile in various disorders by positively influencing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, as well as reducing inflammation (Thyfault & Bergouignan, 2020). It promotes the anti-inflammatory phenotype of adipose tissue, leading to a reduced influx of circulating monocytes into adipose tissue, which are typically characterised by high TLR4 expression (Gleeson et al., 2011).
Associations between changes of smartphone pedometer-assessed step counts and levels of obesity-related breast cancer biomarkers in non-cancer women: A population-based observational study
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2023
Xunying Zhao, Xiaohua Liu, Xueyao Wu, Ping Fu, Xiaofan Zhang, Min Zhou, Yu Hao, Bin Xu, Lanping Yan, Jinyu Xiao, Xingyue Li, Liang Lv, Huifang Yang, Zhenmi Liu, Chunxia Yang, Xin Wang, Jiaqiang Liao, Xia Jiang, Ben Zhang, Jiayuan Li
Exercise has been proposed to prevent obesity development through reduction of insulin resistance and glucose metabolism, as well as through regulation of circulating levels of fasting insulin (Amanat et al., 2020; Gatti et al., 2012; Whillier, 2020). As the most critical regulator of IGF-1, IGFBP-3 is involved in metabolic processes and insulin resistance (Firth & Baxter, 2002; Pollak, 2008). By combining with circulating IGF-1, IGFBP-3 weakens the proliferation-promoting effect of IGF-1, leading to a reduced BC risk (Perks & Holly, 2008). ADP and RETN also play non-trivial roles in regulating fat metabolism and insulin resistance. While the former protein reduces BC risk via the activation of anti-proliferation process of cancer cells, control of cell cycle, and inhibition of DNA synthesis (DiZazzo et al., 2019) the latter protein increases chronic diseases risk by affecting insulin levels (Jamaluddin et al., 2012). While strenuous exercise has been reported by several previous studies as influencing circulating levels of IGFBP-3 (Gatti et al., 2012) ADP (García-Hermoso et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2015) or RETN (Marcelino-Rodríguez et al., 2017) when focusing on step counts which primarily reflect non-strenuous exercise, our study identified no such associations. Indeed, despite the significant results reported, overall evidence on these proteins remains inconsistent due to the different measurements or duration of PA (Friedenreich et al., 2011; García-Hermoso et al., 2017; Nascimento et al., 2016; Nurnazahiah et al., 2016; Orenstein & Friedenreich, 2004). These results suggest that the duration, volume, and intensity of PA play pivotal and complex roles in the level of single protein and health.