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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Herpes simplex infections of the skin of the penis can be expected to create warm areas visible to thermography when prodromal or active. During the healing stage, any remaining crusts appear cooler.181 Latent herpes generally cannot be detected thermographically over the perioral area, and the same lack of findings can be extended to genital herpes. Though no studies are available showing the penile changes with active gonorrhea or chlamydia, an inflammatory pattern over the glans or urinary meatus might be expected in these diseases.
Nanoparticle Synthesis and Administration Routes for Antiviral Uses
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
João Augusto Oshiro-Júnior, Kammila Martins Nicolau Costa, Isadora Frigieri, Bruna Galdorfini Chiari-Andréo
Other studies have shown that inert inorganic nanoparticles have antiviral action (Akbarzadeh et al. 2018) and when loaded with acyclovir, the HSV inhibition has undergone a considerable increase, in addition to an increase in its bioavailability. Considering the polymeric nanoparticles, an improvement of permeability in the vaginal mucosa was verified, as well as in the distribution of the drug when compared to the free active molecule (Singh et al. 2017). Acyclovir has also been incorporated into liposomes for administration to the vaginal mucosa to the local treatment of genital herpes. The system containing liposomes involved in a bioadhesive hydrogel showed a sustained release of the drug (Lembo and Cavalli 2010).
Biodistribution, Toxicity and Regulatory Considerations of Dendrimers
Published in Neelesh Kumar Mehra, Keerti Jain, Dendrimers in Nanomedicine, 2021
Anisha D’Souza, Pratikkumar Patel
StarPharma is proactively involved in the dendrimeric application. StarPharma’s VivaGel ® is currently in Phase III (NCT01577537) as a topical vaginal virocide for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis in women (https://starpharma.com/drug_delivery 2019). It is also effective against HIV-1, herpes simplex viruses type-1, HIV-2 and human papillomavirus. The lead nanostructure has 32 amino groups and an anionic, naphthalene disulphonate conjugated to the amine of G4.0 PLL dendrimers. The gel is a water-based carbopol gel containing SPL7013 (3% wt/wt) (Moura et al. 2019). This SPL7013 dendrimer is approved in Japan as a protective coating in condoms and is effective against genital herpes and HIV (Kannan et al. 2014). It seems that the virocide activity was statistically significantly; however, the clinical cure was not met at 2–3 weeks after treatment (https://starpharma.com/news/139 2012). VivaGel was well tolerated in sexually abstinent and healthy women without any systemic toxicity (O’Loughlin et al. 2010). However, sexually active women showed low-grade genital adverse events in comparison to placebo gel (McGowan et al. 2011). Poor patient compliance for vaginal related formulations comprises the validity of such outcomes.
Women in food insecure, rural Appalachian households participate in risky sexual behaviors: a pilot study
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2020
Sumali S. Hewage, Hannah R. Griswold, Alexander V. Sergeev, Jody M. Gerome, Angela Hamilton, David H. Holben
As shown in Table 1, less than 10% of participants were HPV-positive. However, 30 (19.7%) participants reported that they were informed by their doctor for having a sexually transmitted infection (trichomonas vaginal infections, venereal warts, condylomas, HPV, chlamydia, and/or genital herpes). Only 38 (25.0%) participants mentioned receiving vaccination for HPV. Fifty (32.9%) participants reported having had abnormal Pap-test results in the past. According to the self-reported data (Table 1), more participants [61 (44.2%)] were in the high-risk sexual behavior category than in low- or medium-risk categories, according to CARE Risky Sexual Behavior Index.19
Fatty acids and survival of bacteria in Hammam Pharaon springs, Egypt
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Yehia A. Osman, Mahmud Mokhtar Gbr, Ahmed Abdelrazak, Amr M. Mowafy
The similarity in the fatty acid profile of the three local isolates was striking and convinced us to believe that the prevalent environmental condition with the Hammam had driven this similarity. It is noticeable that the dodecanoic acid (12:0) and undecanoic acid (11:0) are the predominant fatty acids in the three isolates. Moreover, they are short chain ones which fit nicely with the degree of fluidity of their membranes and survival in such environment niche. This is supported by the work of several investigators such as BROCK (1967), [18[19][20][21][22]–23] . Lauric acid or dodecanoic acid which is the most dominant fatty acids with 47.85% was found to have medical importance, especially used for treating several viral infections including (influenza; the flu); swine flu; avian flu; the common cold; fever blisters, cold sores) also Lauric acid have significant role in the treatment of genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), genital warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV/AIDS [24]. It is also used for preventing the transmission of HIV from mothers to children. Lauric acid (C12: 0), is the most potent antimicrobial saturated fatty acid [25], and have Antimicrobial Property Against Propionibacterium Acnes which consider a Therapeutic Potential for Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris [26]. Other uses for Lauric acid include treatment of bronchitis, gonorrehoae, yeast infections, Chlamydia, intestinal infections caused by a parasite called Giardia lamblia, and ringworm. Lauric acid also involved in food industry and manufacturing (soap and shampoo producing). The second prevalent and shortest fatty acid or the Capric acid (11:0) is characterized by having a good chemical stability combined with melting congruency; smaller volume change during phase transition and high latent heat of fusion per unit mass. All of these physical and chemical properties are required to suit the seasonal, which recorded at 70 °C in the winter and 90 °C in the summer.
Formulation Development and Optimization of Floating Granules of Acyclovir by Melt Granulation Technique
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2015
Ravindra S. Thakare, Sanjay B. Patil
Acyclovir, the first agent to be licensed for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, is the most widely used drug for infections such as cutaneous herpes, genital herpes, chicken pox, varicella zoster infections, and herpes keratitis. Acyclovir is currently marketed as capsules (200 mg), tablets (200, 400, and 800 mg), and suspension for oral administration, intravenous injection, and topical ointment. Oral acyclovir is mostly used as 200 mg tablets, five times a day. In addition, long-term administration of acyclovir (6 months or longer) is required in immunocompetent patients with relapsing herpes simplex infection. The presently available conventional therapy is associated with a number of drawbacks such as highly variable absorption and low bioavailability (10–20%) after oral administration. Furthermore, with increase in dose, there was a decrease in bioavailability. Moreover, because the mean plasma half-life of the drug is 2.5 h, five times a day administration is required (O'Brien and Campoli-Richards, 1989; Meadows and Dressman, 1990; JalonDe et al., 2003; Fuertes et al., 2006). In order to make oral therapy of acyclovir for more patients compliant, there is a need to develop sustained drug delivery dosage form. Researchers have investigated formulating acyclovir in delivery systems using different approaches like matrix tablets, microspheres, and polymeric films (Park et al., 1992; Rossi et al., 2003; Dhaliwal et al., 2008). The main problem with the therapeutic effectiveness of acyclovir is its absorption, which is highly variable and dose dependent, thus reducing the bioavailability to 10–20%. Acyclovir is soluble in acidic pH and is predominantly absorbed from upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to duodenum to jejunum regions. There are indications of its active absorption from the duodenum and jejunum regions of GIT. In commercially available dosages forms, the amount of drug absorbed is very low (10–20%) due to short residence time of the dosage forms at the absorption site. As a result, most of the drug is excreted in the feces (50–60%) in unabsorbed form.