China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
IoT-Based Anaesthesia Control and Monitoring System
Published in Ambikapathy, R. Shobana, Logavani, Dharmasa, Reinvention of Health Applications with IoT, 2022
Mangolik Kundu, Souvik Datta, G. Kanimozhi
Anaesthesia is applied to induce unconsciousness during surgery. The medicine is either inhaled through a breathing respirator or tracheal tube or delivered through an intravenous (IV) line. The primary notion of a continuous-flow anaesthesia device was publicized by Henry Boyle in 1917. Primarily, anaesthesia is further subdivided into four categories based on their area of application: (a) local anaesthesia is defined as an agent given to momentarily reduce the sense of pain in a specific area of the body. A patient remains conscious once a local anaesthetic is administered. For minor operations, it can be used via injection into the site. (b) General anaesthesia induces unconsciousness throughout the surgery. The medicine is either inhaled through a breathing respirator or tube or given through an intravenous (IV) line. Drugs used in intravenous and inhaled administration of anaesthesia are presented in Table 8.1. A tracheal tube may be inserted into the windpipe to support proper breathing throughout the surgery. Once the surgery is completed, the anaesthesiologist stops the anaesthetic and the patient is taken to the recovery room for further monitoring [4]. (c) Regional anaesthesia is injected into a bundle of nerves to numb a large region of the body. (d) Neuraxial anaesthesia is placed near the spinal nerve column, making an even greater portion of the body numb compared to regional anaesthesia. Epidurals are usually given to ease the pain during childbirth [9]. Since the 1940s, the specialization of anaesthesia has contributed greatly to major advances in health care [10].
Small Animal Handling, Care, and Anesthesia
Published in George C. Kagadis, Nancy L. Ford, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, George K. Loudos, Handbook of Small Animal Imaging, 2018
It is important to define the use of anesthetics in imaging studies. In almost all cases, the goal is immobilization and decreased stress (light anesthesia) compared to anesthetizing an animal for surgery that would also require loss of consciousness and analgesia (deep anesthesia). However, due to the size of rodents and difficulty with vascular access, there are very few anesthetics or combinations of anesthetics commonly used. Drugs given to induce and maintain general anesthesia are either inhalant anesthetics or injectable anesthetics. There are many online resources for determining the doses of anesthetics in rodent species and, therefore, doses will not be discussed here. In some cases, it may be beneficial to consider the use of injectable and inhalant anesthetics together, often allowing the dose of each anesthetic to be lowered. This may result in fewer unwanted side effects of each anesthetic.
Drug-induced acute upper airway obstruction
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Michael Lippmann, Ganesan Murali
A variety of anaesthetic drugs has the potential to cause adverse reactions by a number of mechanisms, such as immune-mediated or anatomic/physiological factors related to the oropharynx. The incidence of allergic reactions during general anaesthesia has been reported to be between 1 in 4000 and 1 in 25 000, with a 3.4 per cent mortality rate.61
Recent advances in multimodality imaging of the tricuspid valve
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Sergio Caravita, Stefano Figliozzi, Diana-Ruxandra Florescu, Valentina Volpato, Giorgio Oliverio, Michele Tomaselli, Camilla Torlasco, Giuseppe Muscogiuri, Franco Cernigliaro, Gianfranco Parati, Luigi Badano, Denisa Muraru
Coaptation devices are designed to reduce TR severity by valve leaflet plication and/or occupying the regurgitant orifice with a spacer [90]. A recent meta-analysis showed that a strategy of transcatheter repair for severe TR appears to be feasible, effective, and associated with improved clinical outcomes at midterm follow-up [91]. The most common approach is an edge-to-edge repair technique using the MitraClip (off-label) or the TriClip systems [90]. Two methods to reduce the TR grade with the MitraClip/TriClip system have been described: the triple-orifice technique (which replicates the surgical clover technique) and the bicuspidization technique (which replicates the surgical Kay bicuspidization of the valve) [91]. In the former case, the clips are ideally placed centrally between the septal and anterior tricuspid leaflet and between the septal and posterior tricuspid leaflet. In the latter case, clips are placed between the septal and anterior tricuspid leaflets. The procedure is generally undertaken under general anesthesia. Catheters are advanced through a venous femoral access under fluoroscopic guidance, and clips are positioned with the aid of multiple transesophageal echocardiography views, intracardiac echocardiography, or fusion imaging (fluoroscopic and echocardiographic views) [90]. Particularly suitable candidates to edge-to-edge repair are patients with a predominant central/anteroseptal jet and smaller TV coaptation gaps (≤7 mm) [92–94]. Conversely, greater TR tenting and effective regurgitant orifice area are commonly considered as predictors of procedural failure, and a very small and severely restricted septal leaflet is a common anatomic exclusion criterion for the procedure [93–95]. The presence of a transtricuspid pacemaker lead (not interfering with TV leaflet coaptation) does not contraindicate edge-to-edge repair [96] but poses additional challenges due to potential interference with the coaptation system and acoustic shadowing. A new alternative for TV edge-to-edge repair is represented by the Pascal system, which combines design features from the MitraClip system with a spacer aimed at occupying the regurgitant orifice, thus rendering it attractive in patients with large coaptation gaps [97]. The bigger size of this device as compared with the MitraClip system requires a careful evaluation of the subvalvular apparatus to ensure successful intracardiac navigation.