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Healthcare Environment and Infection Control
Published in Herman Koren, Best Practices for Environmental Health, 2017
Tularemia is a bacterial zoonosis caused by the microorganism Francisella tularensis. The disease can be caught by the bite of an infected tick, deer fly, or other insects, working with infected animal carcasses, eating or drinking contaminated food or water, or breathing in the bacteria especially from an aerosol. It is not spread person to person. It can be fatal if not treated rapidly with antibiotics. Airborne release of the organisms can cause primarily pleuropneumonitis and also possibly ocular tularemia. It can penetrate broken skin and cause glandular disease. People usually become infected 3–5 days after exposure and develop a variety of symptoms including hemorrhagic inflammation of the airways, life-threatening bronchopneumonia, fever, chills, progressive weakness, sore throat, and systemic infection. Since the organism which causes tularemia is highly infectious, a small number of bacteria will cause the disease. The bacteria are widely present in nature and therefore readily accessible. Therefore, it might make an excellent bioweapon used as an infectious aerosol.
Risk Assessment in Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Following are some of the major pathogenic bacteria found in wastewater and the diseases associated with them.16,17,20,21Salmonella typhi: causes typhoid fever, diarrhea.Salmonella paratyphi: causes paratyphoid fever, enteric infections.Salmonella typhiniurium: causes food poisoning, salmonellosis.Shigella sonnei: causes shigellosis (bacillary dysentery).Mycobacterium tuberculosis: causes tuberculosis.Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: causes diarrhea or gastroenteritis.Vibrio cholerae: causes cholera, diarrhea, and dehydration.Yersina enterocolitica: causes diarrhea or gastroenteritis.Francisella tularensis: causes tularemia.Leptospira interrogans: causes leptospirosis, jaundice (Weil’s disease).
Aerosol deposition in 3D models of the upper airways and trachea of rhesus macaques
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2020
Jana S. Kesavan, Valerie J. Alstadt, Beth L. Laube
Bioaerosol particles can vary in size between 1 micron (µm) and 100 µm (Bovallius et al. 1978; Lighthart and Shaffer 1995; Montero, Dueker, and O’Mullan 2016; Polymenakou et al. 2008). Several investigators have shown that the lethal dose for infectious bioaerosols in Rhesus macaques increases (i.e., the exposure becomes less toxic) as particle size increases (Day and Berendt 1972; Druett et al. 1953). In addition, Druett et al. (1953) and Day and Berendt (1972) showed that the site of pathology following inhalation of Bacillus anthracis spores and particles containing Francisella tularensis, respectively, shifted from the lungs to the upper airways in Rhesus macaques, when animals were exposed to infectious particles ≥10 µm, compared to smaller particles (i.e., 1 µm and 2 µm).