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Optical Nanosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
Labels or tags constitute the foundations of luminescence and fluorescence imaging and sensing. Labeling or tagging means to incorporate into a compound a substance (“label”) that is readily detected, such as a radionuclide (an unstable form of a chemical element that radioactively decays, resulting in the emission of nuclear radiation), whereby its metabolism can be followed or its physical distribution detected. Metabolism is a broad term encompassing the sum-total of all chemical reactions taking place in the cells of a living organism that keep it alive and functioning, including the conversion of nutrients into energy for sustaining vital processes and activities, repair of cells, and elimination of wates. These biochemical reactions are divided into two classes: catabolism, the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy, and anabolism, the synthesis of compounds required by the cells, which uses energy. Aerobic means “with oxygen”. Aerobic metabolism is an energy-generating system in the presence of oxygen using carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as energy sources. Anaerobic metabolism is oxygen independent metabolism.
Standing as a Solution
Published in Robert Bridger, A Guide to Active Working in the Modern Office, 2019
At the time of writing, a number of governments have published guidelines for the amount of physical activity needed to maintain health. USA government guidelines recommend at least 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week (brisk walking or fast dancing) and some muscle strengthening activity at least two days per week. Putting this into perspective 150–300 minutes (2.5–5 hours) of brisk walking per week (at about 5 METS) comes to 12.5–25 MET hours. If an office worker spends 40 hours per week sitting (at 1.5 METS or 60 MET hours per week) adding 2.5 hours of physical activity per week by walking briskly to the office gives an increase in the total physical activity (excluding after-hours activity) of 21 percent. Five hours of brisk walking per week gives an increase in physical activity of 42 percent. This may seem a lot but is far below the 124.4 MET hours worked by our fictional 1950s housewife in Chapter 4 which is over 100 percent greater.
Fitness to Fly
Published in Harry W. Orlady, Linda M. Orlady, John K. Lauber, Human Factors in Multi-Crew Flight Operations, 2017
Harry W. Orlady, Linda M. Orlady, John K. Lauber
There are four general types of exercise. The first, and the most important, is ‘aerobic’—from the Greek meaning ‘with air’. Aerobic exercises such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming, or cycling force the body to continuously take in additional oxygen to meet the body’s increased oxygen demands. Aerobic exercises increase cardiovascular and respiratory fitness. A second important general type of exercise is ‘isometric’ in which one group of muscles exerts pressure against a group of muscles or an immovable object such as a wall and in which essentially there is no movement. Isometric exercises can be very effective in increasing muscle strength but do not aid in exercising the cardiovascular system or increasing endurance. Isometric exercises are sometimes called anaerobic—also from the Greek—and meaning ‘without air’.
Low- to moderate-intensity blood flow restricted walking is not an acute equivalent for unrestricted jogging in young active adults
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Thomas P. Walden, Olivier Girard, Brendan R. Scott, Andrew M. Jonson, Jeremiah J. Peiffer
Aerobic exercise is commonly prescribed to reduce risk factors associated with cardio-metabolic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and some types of cancers (Coombes & Skinner, 2014). Current guidelines recommend individuals partake in low- to moderate-intensity exercise such as walking, five to seven days per week, totalling a minimum of 150 min (Coombes & Skinner, 2014). Alternatively, vigorous-intensity exercise such as jogging with a recommended weekly minimum of 75 min can be prescribed (Coombes & Skinner, 2014). However, compared with walking, jogging exacerbates perceived exertion and discomfort due to increases in cardio-respiratory strain and ground reaction forces (Sun, Fekete, Mei, & Gu, 2018). Load-compromised individuals such as injured athletes, patients suffering from chronic musculoskeletal disorders or chronic gait dysfunction may not be able to tolerate vigorous-intensity exercise due to excessive mechanical constraints imposed on their locomotor system at faster speeds. Identifying an exercise modality that improves exercise tolerance with more favourable perceptual and mechanical stress responses would allow more individuals to benefit from vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise.
Context-Aware Augmented Reality Using Human–Computer Interaction Models
Published in Journal of Control and Decision, 2022
Ying Sun, Qiongqiong Guo, Shumei Zhao, Karthik Chandran, G. Fathima
Human–computer interaction (HCI) is the study of how computers interact with people (users) and how to make that interaction better. To better understand how people use computers, HCI researchers study how they use them and develop new ways to do the same. It is important to engage in various sorts of physical activity to keep your body in good shape. The form of exercise that is most beneficial to your heart and lungs is aerobic.