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Organoid Technology for Basic Science and Biomedical Research
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Szu-Hsien (Sam) Wu, Jihoon Kim, Bon-Kyoung Koo
Gastric organoids can be generated from hPSCs in a similar fashion. The stomach derives from the posterior foregut and is divided into two parts in humans, fundic and antral, which correspond to the proximal and distal parts. Treatment of definitive endoderm with Wnt3a, FGF4 and a BMP inhibitor (Noggin) led to the formation of spheroids with foregut identity. These foregut spheroids were exposed to Noggin, retinoic acid (RA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) leading to the specification of antral (proximal) gastric fate, showing morphogenesis of glandular structures (McCracken et al. 2014). A follow-up study identified that Wnt/β-Catenin signaling is important for the fundic fate specification (McCracken et al. 2017). Continuous stimulation of Wnt signaling in hPSC-derived posterior foregut spheroids led to the formation of gastric fundic organoids devoid of antral or intestinal fate (McCracken et al. 2017).
Paediatrics
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
During early embryological development, the foregut develops into a ventral respiratory component (lungs and trachea) and a dorsal digestive component (oesophagus and stomach). Congenital foregut malformations due to failure of complete separation of dorsal and ventral foregut components occur in 1:3000 live births. Congenital foregut malformations are classified as shown in Fig. 13.29.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of two Iranian su-strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (ascomycota: hypocreales) on the mortality rate of American cockroach
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Hamed Ramezani Awal Riabi, Mehran Ghazavi
Based on the results, among the three methods for evaluating the effect of Metarhizium on American cockroach mortality, the inoculation of the prepared fungus suspension below the insect pronotum was more than 90% effective, which can be a suitable alternative to previous control methods. Regarding the immersion method with 13% efficiency, it seems that the chemical compounds (chitosan) present on the surface of the American cockroach cuticle cause the destruction of fungi spores (Cheraghi et al. 2022). According to other researchers, the penetration of fungus spores through the mouth is not a suitable way to infect cockroaches, and the penetration of spores from places in the body of cockroaches that cannot be cleaned, such as the abdominal straps, the tarsus of the rear legs, has a greater effect on the pathogenesis of the fungus. And it increases the percentage of cockroach mortality compared to mixed bait with spore ,s fungi (Lopes and Alves 2011). In the Saravan and Nour isolates, the results were not different in terms of efficiency, indicating a non-significant difference between the effects of the two isolates regarding the mortality of adult American cockroaches. Besides, both isolates represented the same pathogenicity effects. In the method of using liquid bait impregnated with strain s Metarhizium spores, it is hypothesized that amylase, β-amylase, γ-amylase, proteinase, and lipase found in the foregut, midgut, and hindgut tracts of cockroaches in conjunction with Kda 67 and Kda 61 proteins in their hemolymph it causes the destruction of the cell wall of the fungi spore that enter the insect’s digestive system through swallowing (Oyebanji et al. 2014). Hence, they will have no effect on cockroach mortality. This finding was similar to observations of Gutierrez reporting non-significant effects on insect mortality, compared to the immersion method (Chao et al. 2020). According to the opinion Chao et al. (2020) the main reason why the spore cannot germinate in the cockroach’s digestive system is because of “the digestive enzymes, pH, low O2 and high osmotic pressure, are not conducive to the germination and reproduction of conidia, and the symbiotic bacteria in gut may also produce antimicrobial peptides and other substances to inhibit and kill conidia”.