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Tissue Engineering in Reconstruction and Regeneration of Visceral Organs
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Soma Mondal Ghorai, Sudhanshu Mishra
The small intestine is segmented into three regions: these are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (Spoerri, 1949). Duodenum is the shortest of 25.4 cm and begins after the pyloric sphincter followed by jejunum of 0.9 m and ileum is the longest of about 1.8 m in length. Ileum is also the thickest and most vascular with well-developed folds than the other two. The entire intestine is innervated by parasympathetic nerve fibers from the vagus nerve and sympathetic nerve fibers from the thoracic splanchnic nerve. Intestine is also accompanied by a well-circulated portal system with the superior mesenteric artery and superior mesenteric vein as the main artery and vein to collect the nutrient-rich blood and carry it to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Anatomically, intestine is composed of mucosa and submucosa and a highly absorptive surface area with numerous villi and microvilli and more than 600-fold, circular folds. Special lymphoid organ Peyer’s patches are seen within the submucosa of the intestine, which impart immunity from the invading pathogens (Figure 7.7A).
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Published in Reginald L. Campbell, Roland E. Langford, Terry L. McArthur, Fundamentals of Hazardous Materials Incidents, 2020
Reginald L. Campbell, Roland E. Langford, Terry L. McArthur
From the stomach, food passes into the upper portion of the small intestine called the duodenum, where various other enzymes break down other food constituents. The duodenum is the primary location where fatty foods are broken down into simpler compounds. The duodenum is only about 25 centimeters (10 inches) long. The next three-meter (ten-foot) portion is called the jejunum, which is very rich in enzymes that further digest the food. The remaining 4 meters (12 feet) of small intestine is called the ileum, where the food products, broken down into simpler compounds, pass to the blood through hairlike projections into the intestines. These hairlike objects are called villi (singular: villus) and are shown in Figure 2-3. They are very small, so they greatly increase the area of absorption.
Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, forming a 25 cm C-shaped curve around the head of the pancreas. The duodenum can be subdivided into four parts, uniting with the jejunum at the abrupt duodeno-jenunal (DJ) flexure. The second part of the duodenum receives bile and pancreatic juice via the duodenal ampulla on its medial wall (Figs 5.24a–c).
Toxicological safety, antioxidant activity and phytochemical characterization of leaf and bark aqueous extracts of Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Lucas Felipe de Melo Alcântara, Pedro Thiago da Silva, Quesya Mamede de Oliveira, Talita Giselly dos Santos Souza, Marllyn Marques da Silva, George Souza Feitoza, Wendeo Kennedy Costa, Maria Aparecida da Conceição de Lira, Cristiano Aparecido Chagas, Francisco Carlos Amanajás de Aguiar Júnior, Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia, Márcia Vanusa da Silva
Mice (n = 5) were orally administered 2000 mg/kg AQBE, AQLE, or distilled water, following the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development protocol (OECD, 2002) guideline 423, with modification. Animals were observed during the first 2 hr and then every 24 hr for 14 days, to identify possible behavioral, physiological, and morphological changes and record dead mice. Their weight was recorded prior to the experiments and daily to monitor body mass gain. On day 14, all animals were euthanized with an overdose of anesthetics (xylazine 30 mg/kg and ketamine 300 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (ip). Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. The kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, lungs, and thyroid of each animal were extracted for weighing. The kidneys, liver, spleen, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum were subjected to histological analysis.
Comparative finite element modelling of aneurysm formation and physiologic inflation in the descending aorta
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Serena de Gelidi, Andrea Bucchi
Schulze-Bauer et al. (2002) reported 4 parameters to fit the response of human femoral arteries subjected to inflation tests. In 2003, Schulze-Bauer and Holzapfel (2003) modelled already published clinical data of the thoracic aorta, oblivious of the cross-sectional area, by means of 4 Fung parameters. Sun and Sacks (2005) aimed to produce clear guidelines to build a Fung model in Abaqus. However, they published only 7 parameters. Pandit et al. (2005) published 4 coefficients to fit the experimental data obtained from the inflation tests performed on porcine left anterior descending artery. In 2006, Vande Geest et al. (2006) were unable to fit the experimental data with a 4 parameter Fung elastic model. Differently, Horný et al. (2006) fitted the responses of inflation tests on human thoracic aorta by means of 4 Fung parameters. However, they added a Neo-Hookean term to the SEF. Ma et al. (2007) claimed that their Abaqus model of cerebral aneurysm is modelled by 5 Fung parameters. In 2010, Avril et al. (2010) modelled in Abaqus the inflation of human arteries, publishing only 4 parameters. Vychytil et al. (2010) reported the 9 parameters equation, but they published only 6 coefficients with no assumption for the shear terms. Bellini et al. (2011) reported 4 parameters to fit the responses of planar biaxial tests conducted on the porcine duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. Recently, Lee et al. (2014) published 7 parameters for porcine carotid arteries.
Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of visible light spectroscopy during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Louisa J.D. van Dijk, Twan van der Wel, Desirée van Noord, Adriaan Moelker, Hence J.M. Verhagen, Daan Nieboer, Ernst J. Kuipers, Marco J. Bruno
VLS measurements are noninvasive and performed during upper endoscopy using a fiber-optic probe passed through the accessory channel of the endoscope. This probe emits white light and detects differences in the absorption spectra of the oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin molecules [6]. The measured mucosal saturation reflects indirectly the adequacy of the gastrointestinal blood flow. VLS measurements are performed in clinical practice at three different locations during upper endoscopy: the antrum of the stomach, the duodenal bulb, and the descending duodenum. Based on previously determined cutoff values [4] in CMI-suspected patients, the outcomes are defined positive for ischemia if the measured saturation value is lower than 63% in the antrum, 62% in the duodenal bulb, and 58% in the descending duodenum in fasting state.