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Treatment of acute contrast reactions
Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017
Profound hypotension may occur without respiratory symptoms. Tachycardia, or possibly a normal cardiac rate, helps to differentiate this reaction from the vagal reaction (hypotension plus sinus bradycardia). In patients who have been taking beta-adrenergic-blocking medications (e.g. propranolol), compensatory tachycardia may not occur in response to hypotension. Isolated hypotension is best treated initially by rapid intravenous fluid replacement (e.g. normal saline, lactated Ringer’s solution), reserving vasopressor drugs for those patients who are refractory to fluid therapy.33,34 Elevation of the patient’s legs is very important. This simple maneuver returns about 700 mL of blood to the central circulation immediately, and is preferable to placing the patient in the Trendelenburg position.45 Remove any abdominal compression (e.g. that applied during excretory urography). Supplementary oxygen should be administered. If the response to aggressive IV fluid therapy is ineffective, then addition of a catecholamine vasoconstrictor should be considered (i.e. IV epinephrine or IV dopamine).
Tissue Engineering and Application in Tropical Medicine
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Cholera is an important gastrointestinal tract infection. It is a bacterial infection that is transmitted by contaminated food and drink. This infection is considered as serious infection. The patient might have severe watery diarrhea and require good fluid replacement therapy. In serious case, the patient might end up with death. The role of tissue engineering for management of cholera is limited, but there are many tissue engineering-related researches based on cholera toxin. Immunologically, cholera toxin adjuvant is proven effective for promoting antigen priming of T cells (Hörnquist and Lycke, 1993).
Personal Protective Equipment, First Aid, and Thermal Hazards
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh, Safe Work Practices for Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2018
Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh
Performing hard physical labor in a hot environment usually causes heat cramps. This type of heat stress occurs because of salt, and potassium depletion. Observable symptoms are primarily muscle spasms that are typically felt in the arms, legs, and abdomen. To prevent heat cramps, workers should be acclimatized to the hot environment gradually over a period of at least a week. Fluid replacement should be readily available, preferably commercially available carbohydrate–electrolyte replacement products that contain the appropriate amount of salt, potassium, and electrolytes.
Energy, macronutrient and water intake during a mountain ultramarathon event: The influence of distance
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Sonia Martinez, Antoni Aguilo, Lluis Rodas, Leticia Lozano, Carlos Moreno, Pedro Tauler
Maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is another essential challenge for ultra-endurance athletes. The amount and rate of fluid replacement depends upon the individual sweating rate, exercise duration and opportunities to drink. The most recent and reasonable approach for recreational athletes participating in ultra-endurance events is to drink ad libitum no more than 400–800 ml · h¯1 (Noakes & Martin, 2002). Despite this recommendation being initially suggested for marathon runners, authors indicate that it is applicable to other distance running races as well. However, it seems that this recommendation could overestimate fluid requirements during ultra-endurance events given that the relative exercise intensity, body heat production and therefore sweat losses are likely to be lower in longer events (Noakes, 2012). Taking altogether, and in spite of weight changes or sweat rates were not measured, which supposes a limitation of the study, it can be concluded that fluid intakes observed in the present study (350–460 ml · h¯1) were adequate. In fact, Costa et al. (2014) reported that in a 24-h ultramarathon water intake rates of 378 ml · h¯1, which are similar to the ones found in the present study, appeared to be sufficient to prevent significant degrees of hypohydration in the majority of the athletes. These values are also similar to the ones observed in a marathon (354 ml · h¯1) (Kruseman et al., 2005), and lower than water intakes observed in a 100-km ultramarathon (540 ml · h¯1) (Fallon et al., 1998), in a marathon (545 ml · h¯1) (Pfeiffer et al., 2012) and during two 160-km ultramarathons (678 and 747 ml · h¯1) (Glace et al., 2002b ; Stuempfle et al., 2011). Interestingly, water intake during the Ultra competition was about 2 L higher than the one found in the Ultra 2011 (Tauler et al., 2014). Differences could be mainly attributed to the high humidity during the 2015 Ultra competition. Temperature could also influence water intakes observed in the present study, inducing higher intakes per hour of competition in the shorter races. These differences could be due to the different time schedule. For example, the Ultra took place, in part, during the night-time (sunrise was about 7:10 am), while both the Trail and the Marathon started after sunrise and thus took place, with high humidity and higher average temperatures.