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Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, James Chukwuma Ogbonna, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olawole O. Obembe, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Microbiomes and Emerging Applications, 2022
Olawole O. Obembe, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, O. S. Aworunse, Nneka R. Agbakoba
Root-associated microbiota is representative of the plant microbiome and the environment. Functionally, the root microbiome antagonizes plant pathogens and impacts plant physiology (Agler et al., 2016). Consequently, engineering root-microbiota via microbiome transfer can be employed to manipulate microbiome structure and interactions for enhanced plant health, growth, and overall fitness. AESM is an emerging area of synthetic ecology, which involves the transplantation of pathogen-suppressive soils (and their core microbiome) to pathogen-burdened soils to mitigate plant diseases (Gopal et al., 2013; Turner et al., 2013). This method is in many ways similar to human fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in which beneficial microbiota from a healthy donor is transferred to patients with gastro-intestinal disease to achieve re-establishment of healthy gut microbiomes (Foo et al., 2017). AESM relies on the principle of cross-compatibility of the core microbiomes of plant species that are phylogenetically unrelated (Gopal & Gupta, 2016). This strategy has been deployed to suppress plant diseases, including tobacco black root rot, potato common scab, and sugar beet infection (Gopal et al., 2013). More so, microbiome transfer from sympatric soil has shown the potentials to improve biomass under drought conditions and promote drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana (Zolla et al., 2013).
Microengineered Models of Human Gastrointestinal Diseases
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Woojung Shin, Landon A. Hackley, Hyun Jung Kim
Because microengineered gut-on-a-chip models support stable co-culture with the gut microbiome, efficacy and safety of microbiome-based therapeutic options can be tested. For instance, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising therapeutic method for IBD and potentially other GI diseases (Borody and Khoruts 2012). However, its efficacy has not been fully validated because there has been no appropriate experimental surrogate. Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, which refer to the combined administration of pre- and probiotics, are also anticipated to be effective to control IBD (Quigley 2019) but have been minimally effective in clinical trials, although cell culture and animal testing demonstrated their efficacy (Claes et al. 2011). This result is likely due to the gap in knowledge that exists in host microbiome–drug interactions. Until microengineered gut-on-a-chip models were invented, these important interactions have not been testable – the microbiome of animal models varies too greatly in comparison to the human microbiome and therefore did not accurately reflect drug interactions that would occur when moving on to clinical trials.
Toxigenic gut bacteria, diet and colon carcinogenesis
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Jacqueline I. Keenan, Frank A. Frizelle
In contrast, dietary fat consumption favours the growth of pro-inflammatory, bile-tolerant gut microbes via altered bile composition (Devkota et al. 2012), best illustrated by a cross-over study where the normally high fat diet of American Africans was switched with that of rural South Africans. Markers of inflammation and cell proliferation decreased, whereas a reciprocal increase in the same markers was seen in the rural South Africans fed a high fat, high protein, low fibre diet for the same period of time. Importantly, the effect of each diet was shown to extend to shifts in the relative abundance of dietary fibre metabolising and bile tolerant microorganisms, respectively, and that these shifts were associated with corresponding changes in colonic levels of butyrate and secondary bile acids (O’Keefe et al. 2015). This gains significance with the findings of a recent study where shifts in the relative abundance of microbiota predicted to increase primary and secondary bile acid production were seen in the fecal microbiota of patients with adenomas (Hale et al. 2017).
Profiles of prebiotic fructooligosaccharides, inulin and sugars as well as physicochemical properties of banana and its snacks as affected by ripening stage and applied drying methods
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
Patsaporn Pongmalai, Sakamon Devahastin
Oligosaccharides and inulin have recently received much attention due to their prebiotic properties; these carbohydrates are known to selectively promote the growth and/or activity of a limited number of bacteria in colon, including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.[1] Among various natural sources of oligosaccharides and inulin, banana is one of the most promising.[2] Banana is widely available and popularly consumed by people in many parts of the world; consuming banana has been noted to result in an array of benefits to health, especially colon health. Mitsou et al.,[3] for example, investigated the effect of 60-day banana consumption on fecal microbiota and found that the average bifidobacteria level in fecal samples of woman volunteers increased after either 30 or 60 days of consumption when compared with that in the samples at Day 0.
Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of Bothrops insularis bacterial and fungal microbiota
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Lidiane Nunes Barbosa, Rui Seabra Ferreira Jr, Priscila Luiza Mello, Hans Garcia Garces, Jéssica Luana Chechi, Tarsila Frachin, Luciana Curtolo De Barros, Sandra De Moraes Guimenes Bosco, Eduardo Bagagli, Ary Fernandes Júnior, Benedito Barraviera, Lucilene Delazari Dos Santos
Bacterial infections are common complications after snakebites, and the pathogens isolated from these lesions have been associated with oral microbiota (Jorge and Ribeiro 1997; Jorge et al. 1994). It is believed that oral microbiota reflect fecal microbiota of its ingested preys. However, oral microbiota characterization of reptiles using culture-independent high-throughput sequencing found few potential pathogens at low frequencies. Another interesting finding is that microbiota of the oral cavity exhibited little resemblance to fecal microbiota of the prey, which does not support the hypothesis that the oral cavity of these animals acts as a reservoir of pathogenic agents (Zancolli et al. 2015).