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Liver and biliary system, pancreas and spleen
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The liver is the largest gland in the body. It weighs approximately 1.5 kg and is situated under the diaphragm, occupying most of the right hypochondrium, part of the epigastrium and extending across the midline into the left hypochondrium. It is divided into the right and left lobes by the falciform ligament and then each lobe further divides into segments. The right lobe is considerably larger than the left and is further divided into the right, caudate and quadrate lobes. The portal fissure, where various vessels enter and leave the liver, is situated on the posterior surface of the gland. These vessels include: the portal vein (which carries blood from the stomach, small and large intestine, pancreas and spleen), the hepatic artery (which usually arises from the coeliac axis), sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres, right and left hepatic ducts (carrying bile from the liver to the gallbladder) and lymph vessels (Figs 6.1a,b).
Gastrointestinal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Radiographic signs of free gas:Erect CXR: gas beneath diaphragm (Fig. 4.5)Supine abdomen: gas outlines anatomical structures, such as the liver, falciform ligament and spleen; bowel walls are seen as white lines outlined by gas on both sides, i.e. inside and outside the bowel lumen (Fig. 4.6)Free gas is also identified on erect abdomen filmIf the patient is too ill to stand then either decubitus or shoot-through lateral films can be performed.
Visualizing Hepatic Immunity through the Eyes of Intravital Microscopy
Published in Margarida M. Barroso, Xavier Intes, In Vivo, 2020
Maria Alice Freitas-Lopes, Maísa Mota Antunes, Raquel Carvalho-Gontijo, Érika de Carvalho, Gustavo Batista Menezes
The last step of the surgical procedure is to neutralize the respiratory movement of the animal, thus avoiding movements during the acquisition of the images. To do this, hold the xiphoid process with a knot made of suture thread in order to facilitate access to the falciform ligament between the liver and the diaphragm. This may be done by bending the tied xiphoid cranially and taping the suture thread behind the mouse's head (Figure 16.3H). Cut the falciform ligament carefully to separate the liver from the diaphragm (Figure 16.3I, J). Cutting the falciform ligament requires the utmost care and attention, as the lower perforation of the diaphragm is lethal to the animal. The surgery for liver exposure is complete, and the liver can be exposed and positioned for imaging. For this, place the mouse in the right lateral position and gently exteriorize the right lobe in a custom-made acrylic platform (Figure 16.4A). Move the liver and the guts apart carefully, using a wet cotton swab in order to isolate the liver lobe from the internal organs. Remember, never touch the liver using sharp instruments (i.e. forceps). The liver is very fragile, and it will bleed even if the operator roughly touches it with a cotton swab. As mentioned earlier, it is critical to keep the animal hydrated throughout the imaging period. This is done by involving the exposed peritoneal organs with a piece of Kimwipes, moving the organs closer to the mouse's body. Keep Kimwipes soaked with warm saline or 1× PBS (0.01M). This step, in addition to keeping the animal hydrated, keeps the intestine away from the liver, thus preventing peristaltic movements from interfering with the acquisition of the images or a 3D reconstruction (z-series) (Figure 16.5A–H).
Study of chest injuries to 3-year-old child occupants seated in impact shield and 5-point harness CRSs
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
Yong Han, Di Pan, Jun Ouyang, Lei Qian, Koji Mizuno, Anguo Cang
The pig demonstrated a flexible torso during the impact tests, similar to the child FE model, and the chest continued to be compressed during the impact. Lung contusion and liver laceration injuries were found only in the impact shield CRSs. This suggests that the loading on the chest and abdominal area by the shield during the impact may cause these kinds of injuries, even though the chest deflection of the Q3 dummy was less than the IARV. In the tests using impact shields CRSs A and B, the most common injury to the chest was a lung contusion. In the cadaver tests with impact shield CRS (Cassan et al. 1993; Wismans et al. 1979), chest injuries were not observed. One reason may be because the diffuse lung contusion of living tissue can only be identified in living tissues. For living tissues, the capillaries were broken and red blood cells were trapped in the interstitial spaces under high pressure and cause diffuse injury; however, in cadavers, instead of a diffuse injury, only focal injury might be observed because the high pressure cannot cause the pathological change like that in living tissues. For 2 pigs, liver lacerations were found at the point where the falciform ligament attaches to the liver. The laceration was located just under the sternum, where there was no protection by the rib cage. The cause of this liver laceration may be due to the CRS shield making direct contact with the abdomen during the impact. Another possible mechanism of this injury could be that the liver may move downward during the chest compression and the falciform ligament tensed, from which the liver laceration occurred. Moreover, a laceration injury of the coronary artery was observed in one of the tests using CRS A. For both the pig tests using the 5-point harness FF and RF, no injuries to the chest or the abdomen were observed.