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Contrast enhancement agents and radiopharmaceuticals
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Intravascular extravasation is the accidental administration of any drug into the patients surrounding tissue, either as a result of poor needle placement and a puncture of the vessel wall, or through leakage in patients with brittle vessel walls or the elderly. Extravasation is a well-recognised complication following the administration of contrast media and is reported as having a prevalence of 0.04–1.3% with automated power injectors. Most patients who experience extravasation of contrast agents only experience mild soft-tissue injury, but in some rare cases severe skin ulceration and tissue necrosis may occur. In simple terms, extravasation can either be user dependent (by incorrect needle insertion) or due to patient-related factors. These include: Obesity.Compromised venous or lymphatic drainage.Fragile/damaged veins.Inability to communicate.
Contrast media extravasation
Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017
Patients are then monitored in the radiology department for approximately 2–4 h. The extravasation site is inspected periodically for any increase in swelling or pain, altered tissue sensation or perfusion, and skin ulceration or blistering. The plastic surgery service is consulted immediately if a patient develops these signs or symptoms. In addition, plastic surgery consultation is requested for any extravasated volume estimated to exceed 30 mL of conventional ionic contrast medium or 100 mL of nonionic contrast medium. These values are admittedly arbitrary. If the patient’s symptoms are mild and do not worsen over time, and if the extravasated volumes are low, the patient can be discharged. The patient is given a telephone number to call if his or her status changes. A physician or nurse also routinely contacts the patient at least once every 24 h until the patient’s signs and symptoms have disappeared completely. During these conversations, the patient is asked whether the pain is increasing and whether there is any blistering, ulceration, color, temperature or consistency change at the injured area. If the patient answers affirmatively to any of these questions, he or she is asked to return to the hospital for further evaluation. Complete documentation of this process is also required. A contrast extravasation report form is completed by the physician, nurse or technician who witnesses the extravasation, and the incident is also summarized in the clinical record. The radiologist is also expected to notify the referring physician when the volume of extravasated contrast material is in excess of 5 mL.
Purification of chitosanases produced by Bacillus toyonensis CCT 7899 and functional oligosaccharides production
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Julia Maria de Medeiros Dantas, Nathália Kelly de Araújo, Nayara Sousa da Silva, Manoela Torres-Rêgo, Allanny Alves Furtado, Cristiane Fernandes de Assis, Renata Mendonça Araújo, José António Teixeira, Leandro de Santis Ferreira, Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa, Everaldo Silvino dos Santos
Inflammation is an immunological defense mechanism responsible to remove the biological, chemical or physical agents in the organism.[32] Inflammatory process has been associated with various pathologies such as asthma, arthritis, diabetes and cancer, and it has been recognized as the main precursor to morbidity of these diseases.[33,34] Therefore, the search for different agents with anti-inflammatory potential is considered a promising approach, mainly those that can act in the inflammatory classic signs.[24,35,36] Edema is one of the classic signs of inflammatory process, characterized by the extravasation of proteins and leukocyte cells from blood vessels to the interstitium.[37]
Intraosseous vascular access in emergency and trauma settings: a comparison of the most universally used intraosseous devices
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Anna Drozd, Marta Wolska, Lukasz Szarpak
EZ-IO was also compared to the BIG device, although the reports are divergent. Shavit et al. [27] tested both devices on the turkey bone model. They indicated that the paramedics had a significantly higher one attempt success rate with EZ-IO (96.5%) than with the BIG (65.5%). Moreover, EZ-IO was assessed as more straightforward than BIG and was the participants’ first-choice device. The only complication concerning EZ-IO was extravasation [27]. Sunde et al [28]. also reported that EZ-IO is a more reliable device when compared to the BIG. The first attempt success rate with EZ-IO was 96% in the retrospective study, whereas only 55% with the BIG. Moreover, various technical problems were registered while using BIG, but none was associated with EZ-IO [28]. On the other hand, in the prospective, randomized clinical study with 56 adult patients, the first attempt at BIG was 92.3%, whereas with EZ-IO, 84.6%. The procedure was significantly longer with the EZ-IO (5.2 ± 2.2 s) than the BIG device (2.8 ± 1.2 s). BIG was assessed as easier to use [24]. In a similar randomized clinical study on adult patients, no significant difference was found in the first attempt success rate and procedure time between the EZ-IO and BIG devices [26].
Adverse cardiovascular effects of exposure to cadmium and mercury alone and in combination on the cardiac tissue and aorta of Sprague–Dawley rats
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Sandra Arbi, Megan Jean Bester, Liselle Pretorius, Hester Magdalena Oberholzer
Histology of the myocardium of the control, revealed oval centrally located nuclei. The myofibrils were striated, branched and continuous with adjacent myofibrils (Figure 1). Small blood vessels and capillaries are often visible throughout the cardiac muscle. Distinctive and varying degrees of cardiotoxicity was observed in the experimental groups (Figure 1) and generally the muscle tissue was irregular and loose in appearance. Deformations in size and shape of the nuclei and a disordered pattern of myofibres were common. In the Cd exposed group (Figure 1d), lipid vacuoles, flattened nuclei, destruction of myofibrils and dilatation of the cardiac tissue, often associated with tissue edema was observed. Exposure to Hg (Figure 1f), caused increased destruction of myofibrils, the formation of vacuoles and erythrocyte extravasation due to capillary and small blood vessel distortion or injury. In the co-exposed group (Figure 1g,h) lipid vacuoles as well as thin filaments of connective tissue were observed (Figure 1h thin arrow).