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Sustainable Development in Agriculture by Revitalization of PGPR
Published in Ram Naresh Bharagava, Sandhya Mishra, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Bioremediation, 2022
Nandkishor More, Anjali Verma, Ram Naresh Bharagava, Arun S Kharat, Rajnish Gautam, Dimuth Navaratna
EPSs are high molecular weight, biodegradable polymers that are biosynthesized by a wide range of bacteria, algae and plants and are formed of monosaccharide residues and their derivatives (Sanlibaba and Cakmak 2016). The production of an exopolysaccharide is generally important in biofilm formation. It plays a vital role in maintaining water potential, ensuring obligate contact between plant roots and rhizobacteria and aggregating soil particles. These are responsible for crop production and plant growth (Pawar et al. 2016). EPSs-producing PGPR such as Bacillus drentensis, Enterobacter, Agrobacterium sp., Rhizobium leguminosarum, Azotobacter vinelandii, Xanthomonas sp. and Rhizobium sp. have an important role in contributing to sustainable agriculture and increasing soil fertility (Mahmood et al. 2016).
Fermentative production and application of marine microbial exopolysaccharides
Published in Antonio Trincone, Enzymatic Technologies for Marine Polysaccharides, 2019
Shweta Singh, Anjula Katoch, Rajwinder Kaur, Kulwinder Singh Sran, Bhupender Kumar, Anirban Roy Choudhury
Nowadays, numerous exopolysaccharides have been identified and characterized, and many of the novel ones are being explored for their structural and functional characteristics. EPSs exhibit different structural conformations that vary with EPS chemicophysical properties. Several methods are available for the structural elucidation of EPSs. The method of choice depends on a number of factors, including the degree of accuracy required and the resources available. There are two primary techniques available for studying any unknown or novel EPS: (1) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) for functional analysis and (2) thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for monomeric units. Chromatographic techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are used for quantitative analysis of monosaccharides present in the polysaccharide. If only qualitative analysis is required, then either TLC or paper chromatography may be used. The linkage features of polysaccharides are studied by using GC mass spectrometry (GCMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Complete structural elucidation of the EPS can be done by either chemical or physical characterization.
Microbial Pullulan: Properties, Bioprocess Engineering, and Applications
Published in Shakeel Ahmed, Aisverya Soundararajan, Pullulan, 2020
Sugumaran Karuppiah, Sameeha Syed Abdul Rahman, V. Ponnusami
Owing to their unique chemical structure, rheological property, and physicochemical properties such as molecular weight and mechanical strength, the microbial exopolysaccharides are potentially employed in various fields in food, pharmaceutical, agriculture, cosmetics, textile industries, and tissue engineering.
Artificial neural network modeling and statistical optimization of medium components to enhance production of exopolysaccharide by Bacillus sp. EPS003
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Sivasankari Marimuthu, Sharon Mano Pappu J, Karthikeyan Rajendran
Exopolysaccharides are produced majorly by bacteria and released out of the cell or may remain attached or loosely bound to the surface of the bacterial cell based on environmental conditions.[1,2] Being a water-soluble, biocompatible, and renewable compound, EPS has found potential applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food, dairy industries, and in bioremediation and agriculture.[3,4] As a water-soluble polymer, microbial EPS has been used as adhesives, biosurfactants, thickening agents in food industries,[5,6] and as gelling/solidifying agents in sucrose supplemented dairy products.[7,8] Their roles in pharmaceutical industries are immense including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial applications.[9,10] They serve as bio-adsorbents for treating heavy metals contaminated samples and also in dye removal in water contaminated with textile effluents.[4,11,12] Since microbial EPS are renewable, non-toxic, and degradable, they play a vital role in environmental applications majorly in bioremediation processes.[13] Due to its eco-friendly and sustainable nature and its tremendous application in several industries, the demand for microbial EPS has increased in recent years.
Extraction and optimization of exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus sp. using response surface methodology and artificial neural networks
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Nisha Suryawanshi, Sweta Naik, J. Satya Eswari
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are mainly composed of carbohydrate and some substitutes. Produced by plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae. Carbohydrates include all the sugar residues and other substitutes like phosphate, succinate, acetate, and pyruvate are present in the EPSs. Exopolysaccharide (EPSs) can be defined as a microbial polysaccharide that is produced by microbes and secreted into the extracellular environment. These microbial polysaccharides secreted either in the form of soluble polymer or insoluble polymers. EPSs play an important role in the interactions between the cells, microbial cell adhesion on to the solid surfaces and cell protection.[1] EPSs are beneficial for various industries like hydrocolloids used in food processing, biochemical, and pharmaceutical companies. Because of their various rheological and physicochemical characteristics with different functionality, microbial exopolysaccharides act as novel biomaterials and can apply in numerous industries like food additives, textiles, brewing, pharmacology, cosmetology, detergents, dredging, adhesives, wastewater treatment, downstream processing, and microbial enhanced oil recovery, .[2] Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are known as a food-grade microorganism and the EPS produced from LAB participate to enhance especially texture and rheological properties of fermented dairy products. EPSs are known as safe additives for different novel food formulations and also applicable to different non-food products.[3]
Comparative proteomic analysis revealed the metabolic mechanism of excessive exopolysaccharide synthesis by Bacillus mucilaginosus under CaCO3 addition
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2019
Hongyu Xu, Zhiwen Zhang, Hui Li, Yujie Yan, Jinsong Shi, Zhenghong Xu
Exopolysaccharides are water-soluble polysaccharides that are secreted by special microorganisms outside the cell walls in the growth and metabolism and are easily separated from the cells and secreted into the environment.[1,2] The enzymes involved in the synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides are located at different sites of the microbial cells and can be divided into the following four different types. The first enzyme type is located intracellularly and composed primarily of kinases and mutases. The other typical enzymes are glucokinase, phosphoglucose mutase, and glucose, which produce glucose-6-phosphate under the action of glucokinase. Glucose-1-phosphate is formed by the action of phosphoglucose mutase. Most of the glyconucleotide precursors required for the synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides are derived from glucose-1-phosphate; thus, phosphorylation is important for the synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides.[3] Recent studies highlighted a signaling activity for the exopolysaccharides produced by the Bacillus subtilis eps operon. This polymer is recognized by the extracellular domain of a tyrosine kinase that activates its own synthetic pathway.[4] The second type of enzyme is located intracellularly and includes UDP–glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP) and various epimerases. UGP catalyzes glucose-1-phosphate as an important precursor for the polysaccharide synthesis of UDP–glucose. Under the action of epimerase, UDP–glucose can produce other sugar nucleotide precursors.[5] The third type of enzyme is mostly located in cell membranes, such as glycosyltransferases. The sugar nucleotides are transported to a glycosyl lipid carrier and then assembled into oligosaccharide repeat units with the participation of a glycosyltransferase.[6] The fourth type of enzyme is located in the cell membrane or extracellularly and presumably associated with bacterial extracellular polysaccharide polymerization. After a macromolecular polysaccharide is produced, it is secreted extracellularly to form a mucin polysaccharide or attached to the surface of the cell to form a capsular polysaccharide.[7]