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Polymers for Innovative Packaging Applications
Published in Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar, Kishor Kumar, Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications, 2023
Sonika, Sushil Kumar Verma, Vishwanath Jadhav
Biopolymers have an extensive scope of application in various fields, including medicine, packaging, agriculture, and automotive industries [74]. Biopolymers that are active in packaging keep on getting more updates than those used in other applications. China and Germany are approving the extensive use of biodegradable packaging materials to reduce the volume of latent materials presently being arranged in landfills, inhabiting unusual existing space. The packaging waste materials have caused significant environmental effects. The biodegradation of packaging materials has garnered increasing attention [75].
Stimuli Responsive Bio-Based Hydrogels
Published in Atul Babbar, Ranvijay Kumar, Vikas Dhawan, Nishant Ranjan, Ankit Sharma, Additive Manufacturing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering, 2023
Lalita Chopra, Manikanika, Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan
Biopolymers have many limitations such as solubility, less porosity, and less efficiency. These limitations can be removed by modifying some physical or chemical technique (Sheth et al., 2013). Polymeric blends are also gaining more and more attention because of enhancement of the properties of the biopolymers by fabricating these along with some monomers so as to inculcate the required functionalities in them (Wang et al., 2020; Fertahi et al., 2021). Muhammad Aamir Sajid modified structures of chitosan and chitin biopolymer upon subjecting it to processes such as N-phthaloylation, acylation, alkylation, phosphorylation O-carboxymethylation, Schiff base formation, N-carboxyalkylation, quaternisation, graft copolymerisation, and sulfonation to resolve the limitations of the biopolymers and to increase their efficiency in biomedical applications (Sajid et al., 2018). Similarly, Ganeswar Dalei fabricated smart hydrogels by encompassing carboxymethyl guar gum and chitosan (CMGG/CS). The improvement in the biological efficacy was gained by non-thermal plasma-assisted modifications by the use of O2, air, argon gas, etc. (Dalei et al., 2019).
Brief Overview of Aspiring Properties of Functional Biopolymers for Food Packaging Applications
Published in Mohd Yusuf, Shafat Ahmad Khan, Biomaterials in Food Packaging, 2022
Pooja Agarwal, Anjali Gupta, Divya Tripathy
Increased use of plastics has created serious environmental issues because of their resistance to biodegradation. In last few years, interest has been developed for biodegradable polymeric materials in packaging because of their biodegradable nature and also having desirable properties like conventional polymers. Biopolymers have been categorized into three classes based on their origins. Biopolymers can be produced from biomass, can be synthesized from monomers that are obtained from biological sources, and can be produced from microorganisms. Functions of biopolymers depend upon different features like physical, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. Besides, the recent trend of lifestyle also poses challenges toward innovative modes of food packaging. Functionality in packaging material can be involved through active packaging concept. Modern food-packaging techniques involve hygienic processing and as a result extend the shelf-life of food without causing any bad effect on the health of the consumer. This chapter highlights different kinds of biopolymers; their preferable characteristics for food packaging application, with special emphasis on biopolymeric materials, which appear as a promising solution for food packaging; and new advancement in terms of functionalities, with the replacement of conventional plastic packaging materials.
Drug delivery systems of CoFe2O4/chitosan and MnFe2O4/chitosan magnetic composites
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Ayşegül Yildirim, Yasemin Ispirli Doğaç
Polymer composites or biopolymer composites combine the properties of two or more materials. Generally, there are three types of polymer composites: (i) particle reinforced composites; (ii) sandwich composite structures and; (iii) fiber-reinforced composites. Thus, extremely durable materials can be developed when dissimilar materials are embedded together. The main reason for choosing these biopolymers is their high biocompatibility and biodegradability.[1] In the biopolymers class, frequently used materials include cellulose, chitin, chitosan, lignin, starch, alginate, casein, collagen, keratin, etc. They can be used in many fields, especially in medical applications, food industry, packaging industry, environmental applications, textile applications, electrical/electronic applications. In this context, examples of many successful applications such as tissue scaffolding, enzyme immobilization, drug release system, coating material are available in the literature.[2–6] Chitosan, which is used in the drug delivery system in this study, is a biopolymer obtained by deacetylation of chitin and still continues to be used for many drug delivery systems.[7–14]
Biopolymer composites: a review
Published in International Journal of Biobased Plastics, 2021
Basheer Aaliya, Kappat Valiyapeediyekkal Sunooj, Maximilian Lackner
Biopolymers are the polymers that are derived from plants, animals, and microbes. They are abundantly available renewable materials usually employed to produce eco-friendly bioplastics [1]. Biopolymers are produced commercially on a large scale for varied applications. Despite the fact that biopolymers make up only a small percentage of the polymer market, it has been predicted that in future they might replace petroleum based polymers about 30–90 %. Mostly biopolymers are biodegradable except few, that is, they have the ability to microbiologically decompose into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), methane (CH4), and inorganic compounds [38]. The degradation capacity of biopolymers is dependent on many factors like type of polymer, chemical composition and environment conditions [3]. Recently produced biodegradable polymers possess a wider range of properties which are very much comparable with traditional polymers used in the market. The biopolymers are employed in specific fields depending upon their cost, availability, moisture absorption, thermal stability, mechanical behavior, degradation stability, and biocompatibility [38]. The chemical constituents, molecular weight, morphological characteristics, mechanical attributes, and processing technique of a biocomposite are governed by the biopolymer part of the composite [62]. In spite of wider applicability, few shortcomings of biopolymers are their hydrophilic nature, low mechanical properties and low durable degradation ratio in moist environment [11].
Significant biopolymers and their applications in buccal mediated drug delivery
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Biopolymers are polymers that are synthesized and produced by living organisms and are biodegradable. Biopolymers are chain-like biomolecules made up of repeating similar chemical blocks, that are very long. There are mainly three classes of biopolymers and they are classified based on monomeric units involved in the formation of their structure: a) polynucleotides: long polymers composed of 13 or more monomers of nucleotide e.g. DNA and RNA; b) polypeptides: short polymers of amino acids e.g. protein; c) polysaccharides: linear bonded polymeric structure of carbohydrates e.g. cellulose, starch, chitosan. They are abundantly present in nature and either they are directly derived from the biological source or are chemically synthesized from biological building blocks [1].