China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Innovations in Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurements
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Non-Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis, 2017
A (NI) urine sample can also be used to estimate BAc and test for alcohol abstinence (Wojcik and Hawthorne 2007). Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a nonvolatile, water-soluble metabolite of ingested alcohol. It appears in the urine immediately after the consumption of alcohol. EtG can stay in the urine for up to 80 hours past the time of alcohol consumption. Thus, its presence can denote that a person has had alcohol at least 3 days ago. Detection of EtG in urine is an unreliable quantitative estimator for recent alcohol consumption and BAc. EtG is formed from exposure to small amounts of alcohol found in common hygiene products (e.g., 21.6% in Listerine™ mouthwash), cosmetic and household products, as well as some foods and medications.
Fatally injured drivers in Norway 2005–2015—Trends in substance use and crash characteristics
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2019
Anja Valen, Stig Tore Bogstrand, Vigdis Vindenes, Joachim Frost, Magnus Larsson, Anders Holtan, Hallvard Gjerde
The drug ketamine was omitted from this study, because it often is given by health personnel after an RTC. Findings of diazepam and morphine were also omitted if it was documented or likely that administration took place after the crash. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate has been assigned a legal per se limit for driving but was omitted from this study due to risk of postmortem formation and, hence, false-positive results (Castro et al. 2014). Alcohol concentrations were omitted if combined with negative results for the alcohol metabolites ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS), because a lack of these metabolites indicates that the presence of alcohol was due to postmortem production (Høiseth et al. 2010).