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Assigning Nanocouture to Phytochemical Nutraceuticals for Improved Biopharmaceutical Performance
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Minna Hakkarainen, Kamalinder K. Singh, NanoNutraceuticals, 2019
Indu Pal Kaur, Vandita Kakkar, Parneet Kaur Deol, Simarjot Kaur Sandhu
As a result, numerous efforts have been made to improve bioavailability of curcumin. Use of adjuvants that can block the metabolic pathway of curcumin is the most common strategy for increasing the bioavailability of curcumin. The effect of combining piperine, a known inhibitor of hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation, was evaluated on the bioavailability of curcumin in healthy human volunteers. In humans receiving a dose of 2 g of curcumin alone, serum levels of curcumin were either undetectable or low. Concomitant administration of 20 mg of piperine with curcumin, however, produced much higher concentrations within 30 min to 1 h after drug treatment, as piperine increased the bioavailability of curcumin by 2,000% (Shoba et al., 1998). However, inhibition of the glucuronidation pathway can have serious implications and health risks. Glucuronidation is a protective mechanism involved in the metabolism of commonly used drugs that helps to wash out several toxins from the body. Most elderly patients are on multiple drugs, at levels likely to be unsafely altered by inhibition of glucuronidation.
Basics of toxicology
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
An example of the most common of these reactions, glucuronidation, is shown in Figure 2.7. The products of phase II reactions are often far more water soluble than the substrates, thereby promoting the overall excretion of the chemical. The glucuronidation process uses uridine-5’-diphospho-α-d-glucuronic acid (UDP-GA) as a cofactor and is carried out mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver.
Bisphenol A adsorption using modified aloe vera leaf-wastes derived bio-sorbents from aqueous solution: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Farzad Hashemzadeh, Seyed Hamed Derakhshandeh, Mohammad Mahdi Soori, Fereshteh Khedri, Saeed Rajabi
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a group of chemical compounds containing two active hydroxyphenyl groups and is widely used in plastic and epoxy resin production (Atta et al. 2008; Nikfar et al. 2016; Dargahi et al. 2018; Bello et al. 2021). It has been found that BPA can enter the body in different ways, the most important of which is through the digestive system. When BPA enters the body, most of it is rapidly converted to less toxic metabolites (Almasi et al. 2018; Liang et al. 2021). For example, during the glucuronidation process, it becomes a more hydrophilic compound that facilitates its excretion through urine. During enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes, the leftover quantities raise the creation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, which in turn causes the synthesis of phenoxyl radicals (Dehghani et al. 2015; Shokoohi et al. 2018; Gys et al. 2020; Liang et al. 2021). Reactive oxygen species are involved in transmitting messages between cells and in the irreversible destruction of various cell components and DNA (Li and Kim 2021; Shukuri et al. 2021). Therefore, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a daily intake of BPA of 55 μg per kilogram of body weight to reduce its harmful aspects (Ahbab et al. 2016).