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Sustainability and Development of Industry 5.0
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Hui Shi Saw, Abdul Azim bin Azmi, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show
In the effort of maximizing the potential of biological systems in manufacturing, researchers have established gene-editing techniques helpful in studying gene function that drives the key to highly productive strain. Manipulation at the DNA level, either a presence or absence of a gene affecting the metabolism of an organism can be described as an absolute, 0 or 1 binary relationship. Instead of addition or removal of a gene, researchers have also looked into the RNA level by “tuning” the expression of a targeted gene. Unlike DNA sequence, the study on transcriptome stands an advantage in understanding the pattern of gene regulation, and how the final product can be synthesized, especially in eukaryotes where alternative splicing occurs (Ozsolak and Milos 2011). RNA interference (RNAi) in animals, or known as transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants, are mediated gene silencing processes induced by double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) which could be introduced exogenously (Mello and Conte 2004; Tian et al. 2004). With a similar concept in suppressing gene expression by blocking translation, antisense RNA binds to a 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR), and/or open reading frame (ORF) of a transcript (Thomason and Storz 2010). For instance, antisense RNA has been demonstrated to downregulate squalene synthase, encoded by an essential gene in baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This repression has been reported by Scalcinati et al., whereby the enhancement of α-santalene, a compound commonly used in perfumery and aromatherapy industries was achieved.
Recombinant DNA Technology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
In yeast chromosomes, the origin of replication is specified by about 100 bp sequences called Autonomously Replicating Sequences (ARS). All ARS have an 11 bp consensus sequence, which is essential for their function. Other functional but variable sequences are also present in ARS. Any DNA double helix containing an ARS can serve as a yeast vector. Such a vector will be maintained in yeast cells only if it is essential for their survival—for example, if it is the only source of an essential gene (such as TRP1) in yeast cells mutant for that gene (in this case, Trp1–yeast cells). In the absence of such a selection pressure, ARS vectors are rapidly lost.
Recombinant DNA technology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
In yeast chromosomes, origin of replication is specified by about 100 bp sequences called autonomously replicating sequences (ARS). All ARS sequences have an 11 bp consensus sequence, which is essential for their function. Other functional but variable sequences are also present in ARS. Any DNA double helix containing an ARS can serve as a yeast vector. Such a vector will be maintained in yeast cells only if it is essential for their survival—for example, it is the only source of an essential gene (such as, TRP1) in yeast cells mutant for that gene (in this case. Trpl-yeast cells). In the absence of such a selection pressure, ARS vectors are rapidly lost.
Genomic-wide analysis approach revealed genomic similarity for environmental Mexican S. Oranienburg genomes
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
J. R. Aguirre-Sanchez, I. F. Vega-Lopez, N. Castro Del Campo, J. A. medrano-Felix, J. Martínez-Urtaza, C. Chaidez-Quiroz
The application of WGS to S. Oranienburg made possible the punctual identification of core genome changes allowing associations establishment considering strains from different isolation sources. This may impact Salmonella epidemiological outbreaks in timely detection. Although genomic-wide analysis based on SNPs has shown to have an important role in epidemiological outbreaks definitions, it is important to consider basic aspects of outbreaks nature such as source types, routes of infection (Gymoese et al. 2017), and patterns of migration. The genotype of S. Oranienburg population presents a conserved virulence profile. Genes involved in Type III secretion system (T3SS) assembly, magnesium uptake, adhesion, and stress response were consistently found for all genomes. This category has been observed in well-known pathogenic Salmonella serovar as Typhi (Kaur and Jain 2012; Al-Khafaji et al. 2021) and Typhimurium (Johnson et al. 2018; Dos Santos et al. 2019) as an essential gene repertory to invade, survive, reproduce and cause a gastrointestinal clinical profile (Jajere 2019). For example, the sigma factor RpoS, has been described as in control of the adaptative response to environmental stress, virulence, and biofilm formation (Lago et al. 2017). The presence of type 1 fimbria plays an important role in the initial attachment to host intestinal mucosa causing persistence and pathogenesis (Kolenda et al. 2019). The punctual identification of previously mentioned virulence markers suggests that this serotype has the potential to infect a host and trigger a pathogenesis process in it.
Sustained Release of Antimicrobial Peptide from Self-Assembling Hydrogel Enhanced Osteogenesis
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Guoli Yang, Tingben Huang, Ying Wang, Huiming Wang, Yongzheng Li, Ke Yu, Lingling Dong
Currently, there are more than 2800 AMPs have been recorded in the antimicrobial peptide database [8]. Hansen et al demonstrated that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with an intracellular mode of action could be efficient vehicles for bacterial delivery of an antibacterial PNA which target the essential acpP gene [35]. They revealed that bacterial growth could be inhibited through the specific knockdown of essential gene expression. Some studies also showed AMPs could be an efficient nanocarrier for macromolecule delivery and able to enter mitochondrial cells [36]. AMPs could highlight the activity of bacteria. Some of them have the ability to penetrate and kill cancer cells [37]. In this study, the AMPs we selected inhibited early biofilm formation which evolves and allows other microorganisms to attach and multiply to control bacterial accumulation and infection of the tissues around [32]. we found RADA16-AMP could provide a sustained release. This might be the reason that the mixture could provide a sustained antibacterial ability. We believed that the sustained antimicrobial activity was the most important key in this experiment. This was in accordance with the results of the in vivo research that BMSCs treated with RADA-AMP had better proliferation than other groups.
Agricultural production: assessment of the potential use of Cas9-mediated gene drive systems for agricultural pest control
Published in Journal of Responsible Innovation, 2018
Maxwell J. Scott, Fred Gould, Marcé Lorenzen, Nathaniel Grubbs, Owain Edwards, David O’Brochta
As discussed above for screwworm, a Cas9-mediated gene drive targeting an essential gene could provide an effective means for population suppression. A high-quality reference genome sequence for D. suzukii is available (Chiu et al. 2013), which will facilitate gRNA design. Germ-line transformation of D. suzukii is relatively straightforward using procedures developed for D. melanogaster, a close relative that is a widely studied model genetic organism. Further, the engineering should be easier than for screwworm, as genetic tools developed for manipulating D. melanogaster should function in D. suzukii. Indeed, we have found that the D. melanogaster vasa and U6:3 gene promoters can be used to drive expression of Cas9 and gRNAs respectively in D. suzukii embryos (Li and Scott 2016). We have shown that Cas9 can be used to make loss of function mutations in the D. suzukii white and Sex lethal genes. The latter would appear to be a good target for a gene drive system since Sex lethal is essential for female Drosophila but not male. However, in D. melanogaster Sxl is required for female germ-cell identity (Schupbach 1985). If drive is very efficient, females would all be sterile. This would require that drive occur in the male germline. However, since the Sxl gene is on the X chromosome, if males carrying the mutant Sxl gene with the Cas9 gene cassette are mated with wild-type females, all of the male offspring will inherit a wild-type X chromosome. Thus the gene drive could not occur. An alternative would be to target the D. suzukii tra gene, which is essential for female development but not required in the female germline (Schupbach 1982) and is not on the X chromosome. The ecological consequences of D. suzukii suppression in North America and Europe are unknown. However, since it is a relatively recent invader from Asia, the ecological impacts are not be predicted to be significant.