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Head Injuries, Measurement Criteria and Helmet Design
Published in Youlian Hong, Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise, 2013
Andrew Post, T. Blaine Hoshizaki, Sue Brien
Epidural hematoma is bleeding that is related to local skull fractures and injury to blood vessels occurring between the skull and the dura of the brain. The dura is a double membrane with an inelastic periosteal layer attached to the inner surface of the skull and a meningeal layer forming the external covering of the brain (Marieb, 1998). The source of this bleeding can be from either veins or arteries. The buildup of blood within the cranial cavity creates a dangerous increase in pressure and damage to the dural layer. This is a severe injury, with death occurring in 15–20 per cent of cases (Marieb, 1998).
The biomechanical differences of shock absorption test methods in the US and European helmet standards
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2019
Shiyang Meng, Alessandro Cernicchi, Svein Kleiven, Peter Halldin
The existing accounts on comparison of the two test methods have hardly shed light on the head injuries as a result of mechanical loadings. Head injuries caused by contact phenomena or/and inertial loading could be conveniently viewed as three types: skull fracture, focal and diffuse brain injuries [15]. Holbourn [16] hypothesised that sudden rotation of the head is the main cause for traumatic brain injury (TBI). A large and growing volume of study taking multiple approaches, such as animal, physical, analytical and finite element models, has shown the importance of angular head motion in brain injuries [17–22]. Brain injuries primarily induced by rotational kinematics may include concussion, diffuse axonal injury, contusion, subdural hematoma and intra-cerebral hematomas, whereas injuries primarily caused by linear kinematics are skull fracture, epidural hematoma and contusion secondary to skull fracture [23]. In general, there is a consensus that the head impact kinematics and associated injuries could be better understood by knowing the full three-dimensional history of the head's motion [24–26], and by knowing the resultant strains induced in the brain by mechanical loadings [27,28].
Construction of a risk model through the fusion of experimental data and finite element modeling: Application to car crash-induced TBI
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Seyed Saeed Ahmadisoleymani, Samy Missoum
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) as “a disruption in the normal function of the brain that can be caused by a bump, blow, jolt to the head, or penetration” (Taylor 2017). TBIs represent 30% of deaths due to injury in the United States with an alarming average of 153 deaths per day (Taylor 2017). A TBI can affect different regions of the brain and, as a consequence, can lead to a wide range of injury types, symptoms, and outcomes. For instance, a TBI can be in the form of an epidural hematoma (build-up of blood between the dura mater and the skull), subdural hematoma (accumulation of blood between the dura mater and the brain), or Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) (Armstrong et al. 2019; Stocchetti and Zanier 2016).
Impact of helmet use on traumatic brain injury from road traffic accidents in Cambodia
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
Saksham Gupta, Katherine Klaric, Nang Sam, Vuthy Din, Tina Juschkewitz, Vycheth Iv, Mark G. Shrime, Kee B. Park
Helmets would be expected to reduce the odds of developing epidural hematoma and skull fractures by redistributing impact during an RTA. In this cohort, there is a trend toward higher odds of presenting with epidural hematomas or skull fractures for nonhelmeted patients, but this did not meet statistical significance. However, only cases severe enough to require hospital admission were analyzed, which may be a source of selection bias. Furthermore, only certain types of helmets confer protection against cranial injuries, and data on helmet type were not available for this cohort (Brewer et al. 2013; Crompton et al. 2012).