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IoT-Based Anaesthesia Control and Monitoring System
Published in Ambikapathy, R. Shobana, Logavani, Dharmasa, Reinvention of Health Applications with IoT, 2022
Mangolik Kundu, Souvik Datta, G. Kanimozhi
Anaesthesia is applied to induce unconsciousness during surgery. The medicine is either inhaled through a breathing respirator or tracheal tube or delivered through an intravenous (IV) line. The primary notion of a continuous-flow anaesthesia device was publicized by Henry Boyle in 1917. Primarily, anaesthesia is further subdivided into four categories based on their area of application: (a) local anaesthesia is defined as an agent given to momentarily reduce the sense of pain in a specific area of the body. A patient remains conscious once a local anaesthetic is administered. For minor operations, it can be used via injection into the site. (b) General anaesthesia induces unconsciousness throughout the surgery. The medicine is either inhaled through a breathing respirator or tube or given through an intravenous (IV) line. Drugs used in intravenous and inhaled administration of anaesthesia are presented in Table 8.1. A tracheal tube may be inserted into the windpipe to support proper breathing throughout the surgery. Once the surgery is completed, the anaesthesiologist stops the anaesthetic and the patient is taken to the recovery room for further monitoring [4]. (c) Regional anaesthesia is injected into a bundle of nerves to numb a large region of the body. (d) Neuraxial anaesthesia is placed near the spinal nerve column, making an even greater portion of the body numb compared to regional anaesthesia. Epidurals are usually given to ease the pain during childbirth [9]. Since the 1940s, the specialization of anaesthesia has contributed greatly to major advances in health care [10].
Parenteral Drug Administration: Routes of Administration and Devices
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Himanshu Bhattacharjee, Vivian Loveless, Laura A. Thoma
The epidural space (or extradural space or peridural space) is a part of the human spine. It is the space inside the bony spinal canal but outside the membrane called the dura mater (Figure 2.5). In contact with the inner surface of the dura is another membrane called the arachnoid matter. The arachnoid space encompasses the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord. The term “epidural” is often synonymous with epidural anesthesia, and it is a form of regional anesthesia involving injection of drugs through a catheter placed into the epidural space. The injection can cause both a loss of sensation and analgesia, by blocking the transmission of signals through nerves in or near the spinal cord.
Anticipating and preventing complications in spinal cord stimulator implantation
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Steven M. Falowski, Hao Tan, Joseph Parks, Alaa Abd-Elsayed, Ahmed Raslan, Jason Pope
Fortunately, most patients will make either a complete or partial neurologic recovery following SCI, depending on the nature of their deficit. Still, precautions should be taken to minimize the risk of SCI as much as possible. Proper preoperative evaluations of spinal anatomy can help assess the epidural compression and durotomy risk associated with lead implantation. Preoperative imaging is crucial in evaluation for lead entry and placement. During surgery, approaching the epidural space with an appropriate entry angle will also mitigate SCI risk as well. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) can verify whether SCS leads are placed in the proper location as well as detect whether injury to the spinal cord has occurred [36,37]. Implementing IONM may mitigate some of the safety concerns associated with asleep SCS implantation and improving its safety profile with respect to SCI risk [38,39]. There is a published operative video detailing the use of IONM in the context of implantation under general anesthesia, affirming the feasibility of this technique and providing a concise overview of technical nuances [40].
Augmenting the training space of an epidural needle insertion simulator with HoloLens
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2022
Daniel da Silva, Cátia Botelho Costa, Nuno André da Silva, Isabel Ventura, Francisca Pais Leite, Daniel Simões Lopes
Two of the most common anaesthesia procedures are the median and paramedian epidural administrations (McLeod et al. 2015), which consists of local anaesthesia techniques to deliver anaesthetic to the surroundings of the dura mater, causing its diffusion inside the epidural space and inducing a reversible and controlled blockade of the sensory and motor roots of the spinal nerves (Sanchez and Riveros Perez 2020). If the needle punctures a little deeper, about 2 to 3 mm, we will enter the space of the spinal cord, and this is the procedure that is performed when the goal is to perform a spinal anaesthesia (Warriner 2018). Proper training is necessary to ensure safe and correct insertion of a needle. Improper administration of an epidural needle could hit a nerve (e.g. lumbar spine nerves and cauda equina) leaving the patient to lose lower body sensation either temporarily or forever, may also cause internal bleeding at the spinal cord level, which can lead to irreversible nerve damage as well. That is why epidural needle insertion requires a high degree of dexterity to insert the needle at the right place, inclination and depth.
Co(II) and Cu(II) coordination polymers: prevention activity on hypotension after spinal anesthesia
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Shenyuan Zhou, Sensen Wang, Qiang Li, Shuyuan Zheng, Zhuolin Shu, Junfeng Zhang
Spinal anesthesia and epidural anesthesia have precise analgesic effects, causing muscle relaxation, and inhibit the stress response caused by surgical trauma stimulation. At the same time, it has characteristics of less physiological interference to important organs such as brain, lung, liver, and kidney and quick recovery after surgery.[1,2] It is a commonly used clinical anesthesia method. However, spinal anesthesia and epidural anesthesia have an inhibitory effect on hemodynamics. The prominent manifestation is the injection of local anesthetics into the subarachnoid or epidural space.[3] After the blocking effect occurs, it would cause blood pressure drop and hypotension, called hypotension after anesthesia. Therefore, preventing hypotension after intraspinal anesthesia is an important issue related to clinical anesthesia and patient safety.