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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
This is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The brain lies within the skull and the spinal cord within the vertebral column, the nerve tissues and the bony structures being separated by three membranes, the meninges. The dura mater lies adjacent to the bone, the arachnoid in the middle and the pia adjacent to the nervous tissue, which effectively protects this system and also covers the nerves entering or leaving the CNS to varying lengths. The space between the arachnoid and pia is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a watery liquid similar, but not identical, in composition to blood plasma, which supports, cushions and nourishes the brain. The meninges also form partitions within the skull and brain. Inflammation of these lining membranes gives rise to the serious condition called meningitis whilst inflammation of the brain tissue itself (nerve cells) is referred to as encephalitis.
Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The CNS is physically protected by: A bony structure in the form of the skull and vertebral column.A system of enveloping membranes, referred to as meninges. In mammals, the meninges are: the dura mater (outermost membrane), the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater (innermost membrane).The cushioning effect of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The CSF fills the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The brain lies within the skull and the spinal cord within the vertebral column, the nerve tissues and the bony structures being separated by three membranes, the meninges: the dura mater lies adjacent to the bone, the arachnoid in the middle and the pia adjacent to the nervous tissue, which effectively protects this system and also cover the nerves entering or leaving the CNS to varying lengths. The space between the arachnoid and pia is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a watery liquid similar, but not identical, in composition to blood plasma, which supports, cushions and nourishes the brain. The meninges also form partitions within the skull and brain. Inflammation of these lining membranes gives rise to the serious condition called meningitis whilst inflammation of the brain tissue itself (nerve cells) is referred to as encephalitis.
Spinal dura mater: biophysical characteristics relevant to medical device development
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2018
Sean J. Nagel, Chandan G. Reddy, Leonardo A. Frizon, Matthieu K. Chardon, Marshall Holland, Andre G. Machado, George T. Gillies, Matthew A. Howard, Saul Wilson
Dura mater is composed largely of fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibres embedded in an amorphous extracellular ground substance. The collagen provides tensile strength while the elastic fibres provides flexibility and elasticity. The dura has been described as a viscoelastic biological material under normal physiological strains. Although there is some controversy, the collagen fibres are mostly longitudinally oriented. Therefore, the greater tensile strength and stiffness are in the longitudinal direction. Under the microscope, tightly packed collagen fibres are intermixed with elastin fibres. The ratio of collagen to elastin seems to vary along a gradient established by the distance from the CSF with elastin density increasing towards the outer membrane [7]. The collagen is oriented in a cranio-caudal direction.