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Spatial Orientation and Disorientation
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
The importance of the hippocampus for memory is exemplified by the patient H.M., described by Scoville and Milner (1957). This 29-year-old man, who suffered from intractable epilepsy, underwent bilateral resection of the medial temporal lobes which included removal of the anterior two-thirds of the hippocampus. Post-operatively he suffered profound loss of recent memory which persisted for the rest of his life. He died in 2008 (Anon., 2008). He was unable to remember events that had occurred only minutes before. When the family subsequently moved to a new house on the same street, he was unable to find his way home and could not remember the location of familiar objects within it. It is likely that the hippocampal region of the brain, which has connections not only with the entorhinal cortex but also with other cortical areas, acts as an assembly point for contextual memory to link events to the location in which they occurred.
Methods of visual perception and memory modelling
Published in Limiao Deng, Cognitive and Neural Modelling for Visual Information Representation and Memorization, 2022
The hippocampus is closely connected with other areas of the brain, and the flow of input information between the MTL regions is shown in Fig. 2.6. Most of the information input into the hippocampus first reached the entorhinal cortex and then reached the dentate gyrus through the perforating fibres. After that, CA3/CA1 neurons reached CA1 by themselves and Schreier's fibres, and finally returned to the entorhinal cortex and the inferior supporting area via CA1. There was no direct connection between CA3/CA1 and neocortex. The entorhinal cortex receives input from a large number of cortical regions, mainly from different high-level visual cortex regions, such as temporal cortex it (transnasal cortex) and parietal cortex PC (parahippocampal cortex).
A scientometric analysis and review of spatial cognition studies within the framework of neuroscience and architecture
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2021
The spatial cognition line of enquiry showed that there are a number of brain cells involved during navigation. They are called place, grid, border and head direction cells. They, and their roles in navigation, constitute the main research theme of Cluster 10. Navigation-related brain cells were first discovered in the rodent hippocampus, but further studies demonstrated that humans also have them. O’Keefe and Dostrovsky (1971) discovered place cells in rats which fire (become active) as a function of the spatial position of the animal. Place cells seem to be allocentric because a cell fires when the animal is in that place regardless of the way it is facing. Grid cells in the entorhinal cortex (a brain area which provides information to the hippocampus) fire in a regular hexagonal pattern on the floor of the environment in which the animal is located. Grid cells are thought to involve a distance-measuring process of the brain. Head direction cells in several parts of the brain fire on the basis of the facing direction. They create the sense of direction and inform the hippocampal system about it. Border cells in the entorhinal cortex fire at set distances from boundaries in the navigation environment. More than forty years of research on spatial cognition confirms that cognitive maps are neutrally instantiated by place, grid, head direction and border cells (Epstein et al. 2017).