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Bio-Inspired Solutions and Network on Chip (NoC) Fault Tolerant Algorithms
Published in Phan Cong Vinh, Nature-Inspired Networking: Theory and Applications, 2018
Muhammad Athar Javed Sethi, Fawnizu Azmadi Hussin, Nor Hisham Hamid
Old brain and new brain (the neocortex) are two broad categories of the biological brain. The neocortex is 77% of the whole brain. This part is related to learning and processing capabilities of humans. Neurons, columns, and hierarchies of neurons are the three parts of the neocortex. The basic block of neocortex is a neuron. Neurons are connected through synaptic junction. This junction is formed by the connection of dendrites of one neuron and axon terminal of another neuron as shown in Figure 8.6. The input to neurons comes from dendrites and the output follows through axons to the axon terminal. The axon is covered by a myelin sheath that protects the signals travelling inside the axon. This sheath also increases the speed of the electrical signal traveling through the axon. The neuron’s cell body is called the soma and contains the nucleus. The neuron on one side of the junction is the presynaptic junction neuron, while the other side is called the postsynaptic junction neuron. The synaptic cleft separates axon terminal and dendrites. Neurons only receive signals from those neurons to which they are connected. A neuron triggers an output if the signal strength is above a certain threshold after summing all of the inputs coming from various neurons. This output is in chemical form while an electrical signal flows though the axon [7].
Hypobaric Hypoxia: Adaptation and Acclimatization
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
John H. Coote, James S. Milledge
Such reactions are involved in learning and memory which involve the neocortex and structures in the medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus. In the hippocampus, transmission has been shown to be enhanced for a long time following a brief burst of stimuli in a process termed long-term potentiation (LTP). Long-term potentiation is thought to be a neural process underlying learning and memory, and such an event at the synapse includes activation of a type of glutamate receptor known as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor on the post-synaptic membrane. After activation by a neurotransmitter, this receptor only allows a limited amount of calcium entry into the post-synaptic cell, initially causing a small membrane depolarization that then leads to activation of a second class of glutamate receptor, the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor. As a consequence, more calcium channels open and there is a large increase in calcium-dependent post-synaptic currents, a strong depolarization of the membrane and action potential generation.
AI Emerging Communication and Computing
Published in S. Kanimozhi Suguna, M. Dhivya, Sara Paiva, Artificial Intelligence (AI), 2021
Based on searching continually and gaining information from the browser and search engine, the machine learning understands the surroundings and also acts accordingly. For browsing and seeking reliable information, any mechanical or electronic devices like the mobile are genuinely needed. The following promotion of AI technology racks the vulnerable brain as a capable device, i.e. hybrid thinking. Hybrid thinking has been intimately connected with the human brain. The neocortex is a part of the human brain. The neocortex has multilayered prominent parts involved in high-order brain functions like vision, audition and olfaction, cognition, and spatial-visual intelligence, especially for imagination. The neocortex is bigger in humans than in animals.
A survey of intrusion detection from the perspective of intrusion datasets and machine learning techniques
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2022
In humans, the neocortex performs complex tasks such as object identification and manipulation by touch, visual pattern recognition, spoken language comprehension, etc. HTM technology implements human-level cognitive tasks performed by the neocortex [38]. HTM is a time-based continuous learning algorithm similar to the neural network. HTM store and recall spatial and temporal patterns. It scores anomalies between 0 and 1. Mean and variance of the latest anomaly scores distribution is maintained by the system to correlate the current anomaly score with respective normal distribution at every time step. The final anomaly is predicted by thresholding the anomaly likelihood. The Numenta Platform for Intelligent Computing (NuPIC) provides a platform to implement the HTM learning algorithms. HTM attains significant performance improvements on NAB benchmarks. But it does not perform so well on the Yahoo Webscope S5 dataset.