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Control of Movement and Posture
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The cerebellum coordinates locomotion, as it receives sensory feedback and feedback from CPGs and modulates the activity in the brainstem nuclei (Section 12.2.5), which also receives feedback from CPGs. Cerebellar lesions disturb gait, as in ataxia (Section 12.2.4.5). The motor cortex is involved in the initiation of locomotion through its connections to the basal ganglia and influences locomotion through its descending pathways as well as through direct outputs to the spinal cord. Cortical input is important for visual direction of locomotion through information provided by the visual cortex via the posterior parietal cortex.
Control of Movement and Learning of Motor Skill
Published in Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha, Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems, 2018
Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha
Understanding how people execute movements and control their actions is a fundamental part of understanding human factors. We have presented several important ideas in this chapter. First, control of action is hierarchical. The motor cortex receives proprioceptive feedback and delivers signals for control and correction of movement. These signals travel through the spinal cord, which alone can control movement to some degree. Our current understanding of higher-level motor control is that the brain develops plans for the execution of complex actions, whereas the spinal cord is involved in control of the fine adjustments.
Review of the Human Brain and EEG Signals
Published in Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho, Introduction to Non-Invasive EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interfaces for Assistive Technologies, 2020
Alessandro Botti Benevides, Alan Silva da Paz Floriano, Mario Sarcinelli-Filho, Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho
The primary motor cortex is directly responsible for the coordination of voluntary movements. The left side of Figure 1.4 shows the somatotopic9 map of M1, which correlates some M1 areas with the control of body parts. It is worth noting that more than a half of M1 comprises the control of muscles linked to hands and speech [2].
Corticospinal and intracortical excitability is modulated in the knee extensors after acute strength training
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Razie J Alibazi, Ashlyn K Frazer, Alan J Pearce, Jamie Tallent, Janne Avela, Dawson J Kidgell
From only a single set of strength training (Ruotsalainen, Ahtiainen et al. 2014) and following a single session of strength training, recent studies using TMS have reported a modulation in neuroplasticity of the corticospinal tract (CST) (Latella et al., 2017, Mason, Frazer et al. 2019, Mason, Frazer et al. 2019; Mason, Howatson et al., 2019; Ansdell, Brownstein et al. 2020, Colomer-Poveda, Hortobágyi et al., 2021). TMS involves passing single or paired magnetic pulses over the primary motor cortex (M1) by placing a magnetic coil on the scalp. The magnetic pulse propagates volleys of action potentials along the CST and peripheral motor nerve (Di Lazzaro et al., 2004), which in turn causes a motor response in the associated target muscle (Di Lazzaro & Rothwell, 2014). The motor response is recorded from the target muscle via EMG and is termed the motor-evoked potential (MEP). The muscle activity generated by TMS is dependent on neuronal excitability in both the M1 and spinal cord, and is typically considered a measure of CSE (Chen, 2000; Kobayashi & Pascual-Leone, 2003).
Study of Full-body Virtual Embodiment Using noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Imaging
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Human brain is a bilateral, mostly symmetrical structure with functionally distinct areas. Scalp EEG cannot be used to record arbitrary brain signals, but is limited mainly to recording of the signals from the youngest part of the brain, the cerebral cortex. This part of the brain is responsible for higher functions, such as those requiring cognitive activity (2000). Cortex forms the outer part of the human brain and is further divided into functionally specialized lobes; the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. Of interest for purposes of this study was mainly the sensorimotor cortex composed of somatosensory cortex (located in the parietal lobe; its function include perception of somatic inputs and multisensory integration) and the motor cortex (neighboring with the somatosensory cortex, but located in the frontal lobe; its main function concerns planning, programming, and executing motor actions). Small cortical area called the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is of special interest as a large portion of multisensory integration and building of the unified self-image originates there (Arzy et al., 2006).